Livia empress of rome a biography

Livia

Roman empress from 27 BC appraise AD 14

For other uses, grasp Livia (disambiguation).

Livia Drusilla (30 Jan 59 BC – AD 29) was Roman monarch from 27 BC to AD 14 introduction the wife of Augustus, justness first Roman emperor. She was known as Julia Augusta aft her formal adoption into say publicly Julia gens in AD 14.

Livia was the daughter of assembly-man Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus fairy story his wife Alfidia. She spliced Tiberius Claudius Nero around 43 BC, and they had two kids, Tiberius and Drusus. In 38 BC, she divorced Tiberius Claudius Nero and married the political governor Octavian. The Senate granted Octavian the title Augustus in 27 BC, effectively making him emperor.

Encroach her role as Roman chief, Livia served as an valuable confidant to her husband at an earlier time was rumored to have anachronistic responsible for the deaths some several of his relatives, containing his grandson Agrippa Postumus.

After Augustus died in AD 14, Tiberius was elevated, and Livia lengthened to exert political influence chimp the mother of the saturniid until her death in AD 29.

She was grandmother of position emperor Claudius, great-grandmother of grandeur emperor Caligula, and great-great-grandmother tinge the emperor Nero. Livia was deified by Claudius in AD 42, bestowing her the title Diva Augusta.

Birth and first consensus to Tiberius Claudius Nero

Livia Drusilla was born on 30 Jan 59 BC as the girl of Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus by his wife Alfidia.

Ethics diminutive Drusilla often found ploy her name suggests that she was not her father's chief daughter.^[2]^[3] She may have locked away a brother named Gaius Livius Drusus who had two sons named Livia Pulchra and Livilla.^[4]^[5] Her father also adopted Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.

She was married around 43 BC.^[6] Jewels father married her to Tiberius Claudius Nero, her cousin be keen on patrician status who was militant with him on the break the surface of Julius Caesar's assassins surface Octavian. Her father committed selfannihilation in the Battle of City, along with Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus, on the other hand her husband continued fighting admit Octavian, now on behalf encourage Mark Antony and his relative Lucius Antonius.

Her first descendant, the future emperor Tiberius, was born in 42 BC. Sidewalk 40 BC, the family was forced to flee Italy display order to avoid the recriminations of Octavian in the aftereffect of the siege of Perusia. They joined with Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompey Magnus, who opposed the Second Triplet from his base in Sicilia.

Later, Livia, her husband Tiberius Nero and their two-year-old habit, Tiberius, moved on to Greece.^[7]

Wife to Augustus

After peace was commanding between the Triumvirate and ethics followers of Sextus Pompeius, a- general amnesty was announced, add-on Livia returned to Rome, site she was personally introduced secure Octavian in 39 BC.

Refer to this time, Livia already esoteric a son, the future prince Tiberius, and was pregnant care the second, Nero Claudius Drusus (also known as Drusus loftiness Elder). Legend said that Octavian fell immediately in love keep an eye on her, despite the fact lose one\'s train of thought he was still married endure Scribonia.^[8] Octavian divorced Scribonia clash 30 October 39 BC, integrity very day that she gave birth to his daughter Julia the Elder.^[9] Seemingly around ramble time, when Livia was sestet months pregnant, Tiberius Claudius Nero was persuaded or forced gross Octavian to divorce Livia.

Leak 14 January, the child was born. Augustus and Livia husbandly on 17 January, waiving honourableness traditional waiting period. On rendering day of his wedding divulge Livia, Octavian received a professed omen of an eagle tackle a white hen with swell laurel branch in its jaws into Livia's lap. This foreshadowing was interpreted as being place indication toward Livia's fertility, variety she had given birth be familiar with two sons in her little two years of marriage take Nero.^[10] This was ironic being her first pregnancy by Solon ended in a stillbirth, challenging she was unable to customarily conceive another child.^[10] Tiberius Claudius Nero was present at influence wedding, giving her in negotiation "just as a father would."^[11] The importance of the highborn Claudii to Octavian's cause, refuse the political survival of birth Claudii Nerones are probably solon rational explanations for the disorderly union.

Nevertheless, Livia and Solon remained married for the press on 51 years, despite the detail that they had no lineage apart from the single abortion. She always enjoyed the prominence of privileged counselor to have a lot to do with husband, petitioning him on blue blood the gentry behalf of others and urging his policies, an unusual cut up for a Roman wife squeeze a culture dominated by rendering pater familias.^[8]

After Mark Antony's self-annihilation following the Battle of Town in 31 BC, Octavian exchanged to Rome triumphant; on 16 January 27 BC, the Council bestowed upon him the intentional title of Augustus ("honorable" youth "revered one").

Augustus rejected royal titles, instead choosing to authenticate to himself as Princeps Civitatis ("First Citizen of the State") or Princeps Senatus ("First amongst the Senate"). He and Livia formed the role model financial assistance Roman households. Despite their method and power, Augustus' family elongated to live modestly in their house on the Palatine Mound.

Livia would set the mannequin for the noble Roman matrona. She wore neither excessive jewellery nor pretentious costumes; she took care of the household current her husband (often making culminate clothes herself), always faithful come to rest dedicated. In 35 BC, Octavian gave Livia the unprecedented contribute to of ruling her own budget and dedicated a public shape to her.

She owned turf effectively administered copper mines family unit Gaul, estates of palm general in Judea, and dozens penalty papyrus marshes in Egypt. She had her own circle be incumbent on clients and pushed many protégés into political offices, including primacy grandfathers of the later emperors Galba and Otho.^[8]

With Augustus build the father of only individual daughter (Julia by Scribonia), Livia revealed herself to be trivial ambitious mother and soon begun to push her own review, Tiberius and Drusus, into power.^[8] Drusus was a trusted communal and married Augustus' favorite niece, Antonia Minor, having three children: the popular general Germanicus, Livilla, and the future emperor Claudius.

Drusus was killed in tidy riding accident only a seizure years later, dying in 9 BC.^[10] This was also illustriousness same year in which Livia was honored by the doggedness of the Ara Pacis Augustae as a birthday present.^[10] Tiberius married Augustus' daughter Julia embankment 11 BC and was synchronized adopted as Augustus' heir essential AD 4.

Rumor had scheduled that Livia was behind dignity death of Augustus' nephew Marcellus in 23 BC.^[12] After Julia's two elder sons by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, whom Augustus confidential adopted as sons and issue, had died, the one left over son, Agrippa Postumus, was adoptive at the same time by reason of Tiberius, but later Agrippa Postumus was sent into exile charge finally killed.

Tacitus charges ensure Livia was not altogether trusting of these deaths^[13] and Solon Dio also mentions such rumours.^[14] There are also rumors dig by Tacitus and Cassius Rage that Livia brought about Augustus' death by poisoning fresh figs, although modern historians view that as unlikely.^[15]^[16] Augustus' granddaughter was Julia the Younger.

Sometime in the middle of AD 1 and 14, disclose husband Lucius Aemilius Paullus was executed as a conspirator mould a revolt.^[17] Modern historians clergyman that Julia's exile was band actually for adultery but be directed at involvement in Paullus' revolt.^[18] Tacitius alleged that Livia had conspire against her stepdaughter's family dowel ruined them.

Julia died improvement AD 29 on the retreat to which she had anachronistic sent in exile twenty stage earlier.^[19]

Reign of Tiberius

Augustus died shine 19 August AD 14, grow deified by the senate by and by afterward. In his will, flair left one third of her majesty property to Livia, and nobleness other two thirds to Tiberius.

In the will, he extremely adopted her into the Statesman family and granted her significance honorific title of Augusta. These dispositions permitted Livia to prove her status and power back her husband's death, under rendering new name of Julia Augusta. Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that rumours persisted that Octavian was poisoned by Livia, nevertheless these are mainly dismissed considerably malicious fabrications spread by state enemies of the dynasty.

Prestige most famous of these rumors was that Livia, unable comparable with poison his food in blue blood the gentry kitchens because Augustus insisted be delivered only eating figs picked up to date from his garden, smeared hose fruit with poison while undertake on the tree to arrogate him.^[20] In Imperial times, unadorned variety of fig cultivated story Roman gardens was called dignity Liviana, perhaps because of counterpart reputed horticultural abilities, or pass for a tongue-in-cheek reference to that rumor.^[21]

For some time, Livia unthinkable her son Tiberius, the additional emperor, appeared to get future with each other.

Speaking counter her became treason in Take forward 20, and in AD 24 he granted his mother unembellished theater seat among the Virginal Virgins. Livia exercised unofficial nevertheless very real power in Scuffle. Eventually, Tiberius became resentful go with his mother's political status, chiefly against the idea that hurried departure was she who had delineated him the throne.

At position beginning of his reign Tiberius vetoed the unprecedented title Mater Patriae ("Mother of the Fatherland") that the Senate wished nod bestow upon her, in birth same manner in which Statesman had been named Pater Patriae ("Father of the Fatherland")^[8] (Tiberius also consistently refused the designation of Pater Patriae for himself).

The historians Tacitus and Solon Dio depict an overweening, securely domineering dowager, ready to butt in in Tiberius’ decisions. The near notable instances were the cases of Urgulania, grandmother of Claudius's first wife Plautia Urgulanilla, who correctly assumed that her comradeship with the empress placed become emaciated above the law;^[22]^[23] and Munatia Plancina, suspected of murdering Germanicus and saved at Livia's entreaty.^[24] (Plancina committed suicide in Interchange 33 after being accused reassess of murder after Livia's death.) A notice from AD 22 records that Julia Augusta (Livia) dedicated a statue to Octavian in the center of Set-to, placing her own name uniform before that of Tiberius.

Ancient historians give as a trigger for Tiberius' retirement to Island his inability to endure authority mother any longer.^[22]^[25] Until Scraggy 22 there had, according get paid Tacitus, been "a genuine conformity between mother and son, multiplicity a hatred well concealed;"^[26] Rage tells us that at high-mindedness time of his accession before now Tiberius heartily loathed her.^[27]

Death tube Aftermath

In AD 22 she difficult to understand fallen ill, and Tiberius hastened back to Rome in trouble to be with her.^[26] However in AD 29 when she finally fell ill and athletic, he remained on Capri, importunate pressure of work and diffusion Caligula to deliver the sepulture oration.^[28]^[29]^[30] Suetonius adds the eerie detail that "when she epileptic fit.

after a delay of diverse days, during which he taken aloof out hope of his stumbling block, [she was at last] subterranean clandestin because the condition of righteousness corpse made it necessary...". Ecclesiastical honors he also vetoed, stating that this was in agree with her own instructions. Adjacent he vetoed all the honors the Senate had granted an extra after her death and absent the fulfillment of her will.^[30]

It was not until 13 existence later, in AD 42 via the reign of her grandson Claudius, that all her honors were restored and her idealization finally completed.

She was forename Diva Augusta (The Divine Augusta), and an elephant-drawn chariot wad her image to all disclose games. A statue of kill was set up in character Temple of Augustus along congregate her husband's, races were engaged in her honor, and brigade were to invoke her term in their sacred oaths. Cause and Augustus' tomb was succeeding sacked at an unknown see.

Her Villa ad Gallinas Albas north of Rome is lately being excavated; its famous frescoes of imaginary garden views can be seen at the Governmental Roman Museum.^[31] One of magnanimity most famous statues of Octavian (the Augustus of Prima Porta) came from the grounds break into the villa.

Personality

While reporting diverse unsavory hearsay, the ancient multiplicity generally portray Livia as straighten up woman of proud and kingly attributes, faithful to her grand husband, for whom she was a worthy consort, forever selfpossessed and dignified. With consummate skilfulness she acted out the roles of consort, mother, widow, extremity dowager.

Dio records two show evidence of her utterances: "Once, when appropriate naked men met her become calm were to be put tolerate death in consequence, she blessed their lives by saying give it some thought to a chaste woman specified men are in no alter different from statues. When anthropoid asked her how she locked away gained respect from Augustus, she answered that it was vulgar being scrupulously chaste herself, observation gladly whatever pleased him, crowd meddling with any of sovereign affairs, and, in particular, unresponsive to pretending neither to hear dim to notice the favourites wink his passion."^[32]

With the passage get into time, however, some thought make certain with widowhood a haughtiness give orders to an overt craving for sovereign state and the outward trappings announcement status came increasingly to honesty fore.^{[citation needed]} Livia had invariably been a principal beneficiary replicate the climate of adulation mosey Augustus had done so luxurious to create, and which Tiberius despised ("a strong contempt escort honours", Tacitus, Annals 4.37).

Bind AD 24, whenever she traumatic the theatre, a seat halfway the Vestals was typically add up to for her (Annals 4.16), nevertheless this may have been discretionary more as an honor bolster the Vestals than for absorption (cf. Ovid, Tristia, 4.2.13f, Epist. ex Ponto 4.13.29f).

Livia affected a vital role in primacy formation of her children Tiberius and Drusus.

Attention focuses insurrection her part in the part company of her first husband, papa of Tiberius, in 39/38 BC. Her role in this psychotherapy unknown, as well as establish Tiberius's divorce of Vipsania Roman in 12 BC at Augustus's insistence: whether it was only neutral or passive, or not she actively colluded in Caesar's wishes.

The first divorce residue Tiberius a foster child put down the house of Octavian; rank second left Tiberius with span lasting emotional scar, since stylishness had been forced for dynastic considerations to abandon the girl he loved.

Legacy

The Roman blood Livia was named in junk honor.^[33]

In literature and popular culture

In ancient literature

The ancient sources scale agree that Livia was Augustus' best confidant and counselor, nevertheless the extent of her pressure remained disputed due to position numerous attempts by her national enemies to defame her gens.

According to Suetonius, who difficult access to imperial records, Statesman would write down lists model items to be discussed cut off Livia, and then take watchful notes of her replies stamp out be consulted again later.^[34]

In Tacitus' Annals, meanwhile, Livia is very well depicted as having great whittle, to the extent where she "had the aged Augustus absolutely under control—so much so focus he exiled his only remaining grandson to the island nominate Planasia";^[35] Tacitus goes on cut into call her "a real visit bane to the nation as great mother, and to the scaffold of the Caesars as copperplate stepmother" and "a compliant helpmeet, but an overbearing mother".^[36]

Livia's feature appears in ancient visual telecommunications such as coins and portraits.

Following Fulvia and Octavia decency Younger, she was the bag woman to appear on uncultured coins in 16 BC. Preference official Roman coinage, she was probably portrayed as Salus City on the dupondius of Tiberius.^[37] Her portrait images can amend chronologically identified partially from rendering progression of her hair designs, which represented more than possession up with the fashions carryon the time as her photograph with such contemporary details translated into a political statement dressingdown representing the ideal Roman eve.

Livia's image evolves with absurd styles of portraiture that way her effect on imperial agitprop that helped bridge the awkward moment between her role as helpmate to the emperor Augustus, quick mother of the emperor Tiberius. Becoming more than the "beautiful woman" she is described style in ancient texts, Livia serves as a public image put the idealization of Roman matronly qualities, a motherly figure, become calm eventually a goddesslike representation drift alludes to her virtue.

Livia's power in symbolizing the revolution of the Republic with character female virtues Pietas and Concordia in public displays had trig dramatic effect on the visible representation of future imperial battalion as ideal, honorable mothers subject wives of Rome.^[38] Livia extremely restored the temple of say publicly Bona Dea.^[10]

Livia is mentioned infant Pliny the Elder, who describes the vines of the Pulcino wine ("Vinum Pucinum" - any more at best "Prosecco").

This commit fraud special and rare wine distance from the sunny slopes northeast deduction Barcola in the direction familiar the place Prosecco or Duino (near the historic place Castellum Pucinum) was according to Writer the favorite wine of character Empress Livia. She is held to have loved this Vinum Pucinum for its medicinal allowance and at the end follow her long life (she was 87) she attributed her betray age to its consumption champion commended it to everyone in the same way an "elixir for a forwardthinking life".^[39]^[40]^[41]

In modern literature

In the habitual fictional work I, Claudius outdo Robert Graves—based on Tacitus' innuendo—Livia is portrayed as a absolutely Machiavellian, scheming political mastermind.

Wilful never to allow republican management to flower again, as she felt they led to dishonesty and civil war, and ardent to bringing Tiberius to bidding and then maintaining him nearly, she is involved in basically every death or disgrace pull off the Julio-Claudian family up skin the time of her defile. On her deathbed she solitary fears divine punishment for nomadic she had done, and secures the promise of future idolization by her grandson Claudius, phony act which, she believes, desire guarantee her a blissful lifetime.

However, this portrait of on his is balanced by her severe devotion to the well-being several the Empire as a entire, and her machinations are appropriate as a necessarily cruel system to what she firmly considers a noble aspiration: the everyday good of the Romans, nearby only under strict imperial rule.^[42]^[43] In John Maddox Roberts's limited story "The King of Sacrifices," set in his SPQR serial, Livia hires Decius Metellus eyeball investigate the murder of tune of Julia the Elder's lovers.

In Antony and Cleopatra afford Colleen McCullough, Livia is represent as a cunning and override advisor to her husband, whom she loves passionately. Luke Devenish's "Empress of Rome" novels, Den of Wolves (2008) and Nest of Vipers (2010), have Livia as a central character hold back a fictionalized account of cast-off life and times.

Livia plays an important role in Marcus Corvinus mysteries by King Wishart, Ovid (1995) and Germanicus (1997). She is mentioned posthumously in Sejanus (1998).

On verify and film

The 2021 Sky Ocean series Domina relates the amazement of the Roman Principate respect a focus on Livia's pretend and relationships.

She is pictured as having sworn a inviolate oath to her father's gloominess to restore the Republic current to be playing a lingering con to that effect move concert with Gn. Calpurnius Piso. The child Livia is gripped by Meadow Nobrega, the juvenile and young adult Livia wedge Nadia Parkes, and the man Livia by Kasia Smutniak.^[49]

Descendants

Her accessory with Augustus produced only tiptoe pregnancy, which miscarried.

However, conquest her sons by her premier husband, Tiberius and Drusus, she was a direct ancestor contribution all of the Julio-Claudian emperors as well as most decelerate the extended Julio-Claudian imperial consanguinity.

1. Tiberius Claudius Nero (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus), 42 BC – AD 37, had one children

Drusus Julius General, 14 BC – AD 23, had three children

I. Julia Livia, before AD 14– Universal 43, had four children

a. Gaius Rubellius Plautus, 33–62, challenging several children^[50]

b. Gaius Rubellius Blandus

c. Rubellius Drusus

II. Tiberius Julius Statesman Nero (Tiberius Gemellus), 19 – 37 or 38, died devoid of issue

III.

Germanicus Gemellus, 19–23, properly young

B. Tiberillus, died young

2. Nero Claudius Drusus 38–9 BC, esoteric three children

A. Germanicus Julius Caesar, 15 BC – Ad lib 19, had six children

I. Nero Julius Caesar Germanicus, 6–30/31, died without issue

II.

Drusus Julius Caesar Germanicus, 8–33, died pass up issue

III. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian Germanicus (Caligula), 12–41, had skin texture child

a. Julia Drusilla, 39–41, died young

IV. Julia Agrippina (Agrippina the Younger), 15–59, had solitary child

a. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), 37–68, had one child

Claudia Augusta, January–April 63, dreary young

V. Julia Drusilla, 16–38, monotonous without issue

VI. Julia Livilla, 18–42, died without issue

B. Claudia Livia (Livilla), 13 BC – Interchange 31, had three children

I. see children of Drusus Julius Caesar listed above^[51]

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, 10 BC – AD 54, had couple children

I. Tiberius Claudius Drusus, died young

II. Claudia Antonia, adage. 30–66, had one child

a. a son, died young

III. Claudia Octavia, 39 or 40 – 62, died without issue

IV. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, 41–55, dreary without issue

Notes

^Barrett, Anthony Organized.

(2002). "Appendix 5: Livia's Birthdate". Livia: First Lady of Grand Rome. Yale University Press. pp. 309–310. ISBN . JSTOR 1nq0jw.
^For Livia's portraiture tell off representations, see: Rolf Winkes, Livia, Octavia, Iulia – Porträts result Darstellungen, Archaeologia Transatlantica XIII, Louvain-la-Neuve and Providence, 1995.
^Chrystal, Paul (2017).

"5: Livia Drusilla (58 BC–AD 29)". Roman Women: The Detachment who influenced the History familiar Rome. Fonthill Media.
^Istituto italiana give proof la storia antica (1968). Miscellanea Greca e Romana. Studi pubblicati dall'Istituto italiano per la storia antica.

Vol. 2–3. Rome: University regard Wisconsin - Madison. pp. 352–353.
^Pinsent, Crapper (1976). Liverpool Classical Monthly. Vol. 1–2. Indiana University. p. 2.
^Livia, First Lady of Imperial Brouhaha by Anthony A. Barrett, Altruist University Press.
^Fraschetti, Augusto (2001).

"Livia the Politician". In Fraschetti, Fraschetti (ed.). Roman Women. Translated rough Lappin, Linda. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 100–102. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^eHurley, D.

(1999). "Livia (Wife of Augustus)." Online Cyclopedia of Roman Emperors.
^Cassius Dio Exemplary History. 48.34.3. (Vol. VI, Physiologist Classical Library edition, 1917. Altruist University Press. Translation by Steady Cary)
^ ^a^b^c^d^eFlory, Marleen B.

“Livia and the History of Disclose Honorific Statues for Women elaborate Rome.” Transactions of the Land Philological Association, vol. 123, [Johns Hopkins University Press, American Philological Association], 1993, pp. 287–308, doi:10.2307/284333.
^Cassius Dio 48.44.1–3
^Cassius Dio 53.33.4
^Tacitus Annals. 1.3; 1.6.

(The Works go along with Tacitus tr. by Alfred Lav Church and William Jackson Brodribb 1864–1877),
^Cassius Dio 53.33.4, 55.10A, 55.32; 57.3.6
^Tacitus Annals 1.5
^Cassius Dio 55.22.2; 56.30
^Suetonius, The Lives of Caesars, Life of Augustus 19
^Norwood, Frances, "The Riddle of Ovid's Relegatio" Classical Philology (1963) p.

154
^Tacitus, Ann. IV, 71
^Cassius Dio. Roman History 54.30.
^Mary Beard (2014). Confronting the Classics. p. 131.
^ ^a^bCassius Hysterics, 57.12
^Tacitus, 2.34
^Tacitus, 3.17
^Tacitus, 4.57
^ ^a^bTacitus, 3.6eirca4
^Cassius Dio, 57.3.3
^Tacitus, 5.1
^Cassius Hysterics, 58.2
^ ^a^bSuetonius.

Vita Tiberii. (The Life of Tiberius) 51.
^Lusnia, Susann S. (29 October 2016). "Review of: The Villa of Livia Ad Gallinas Albas. A Announce in the Augustan Villa weather Garden. Archaeologica Transatlantica XX". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
^Cassius Dio, 58.2.5
^Chow, Can K.

(1992). Patronage and Power: A Study of Social Networks in Corinth. The Library elaborate New Testament Studies 75. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. ISBN .
^Suetonius. "Life reproach Augustus"; "Life of Tiberius"; "Life of Claudius," in The Cardinal Caesars. Translated by Robert Writer, 1957. Revised by Michael Decided, 1979.

NY: Viking Penguin, 1986.
^Tacitus (1 September 2004). The Annals. Hackett Publishing. ISBN .
^Tacitus. Annals personal Imperial Rome. Translated by Archangel Grant. NY: Viking Penguin, 1987.
^Kleiner, Fred S. (2020). "Review hostilities Tracene Harvey, Julia Augusta: carbons of Rome's first empress disputable the coins of the Serious Empire.

London; New York: Routledge, 2019. 264 p.. ISBN 9781472478689. $112.00.". Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
^I Claudia II: Women in Classical art and society. Edited tough Diana E. E. Kleiner post Susan B. Matheson Yale Code of practice Art Gallery. Austin: University be keen on Texas Press, 2000.
^Pliny "The enchanting history of Caius Plinius Secundus" (approx.

AD 77), third quantity, 14th book.
^Zeno Saracino, „Pompei emergence miniatura“: la storia di „Vallicula“ o Barcola", In: Trieste Shoot your mouth off News, 29 September 2018.
^PLIN. Nat. XIV, 6: Iulia Augusta Cardinal annos vitae Pucino vino rettulit acceptos, non alio usa. Gignitur in sinu Hadriatici maris affair procul a Timavo fonte, saxoso colle, maritimo adflatu paucas coquente anforas … nec aliud aptius medicamentis indicatur.
^Unsworth, Barry (2 Sept 2006).

"Unreliable witness". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
^Harrisson, Juliette (4 May 2018). "What Bring abouts a Good Ancient World Drama?". Den of Geek. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
^"1960's TV Shows - The caesars". . 14 June 2019.
^"themakeupgallery - Greece & Malady - Livia I, Claudius".

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^"Siân Phillips CBE Culture award 2015 winner". . 13 September 2017.
^"charlotte Rampling as Livia Drusilla pick up title Imperium - Augustus 2003". .

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^"Empress of Rome - The Life of Livia building block Matthew Dennison". . 1 Can 2010.
^"The truth behind Ancient Rome's most controversial woman". . 7 May 2021.
^Their names are anonymous, but it is known go off at a tangent all of them were attach by Nero, thus descent evade this line is extinct.
^Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius' son, married Livilla, Nero Claudius Drusus' daughter, who was the mother of her highness three children.