Ling tong x gan ning biography

General serving warlord Sun Quan (died c. 220)

Gan Ning
A Qing dynasty illustration decay Gan Ning
In office 215 (215)–? (?)
In office c. 214 (c. 214)–215 (215)
Born	Unknown Zhong County, Chongqing
Died	Unknown
Children
Occupation	Military general
Courtesy name	Xingba (興霸)

In this Island name, the family name not bad Gan.

Gan Ning (pronunciation^ⓘ) (c.early 170s^[1] - c.

220^[a]), courtesy nameXingba, was a Chinese military regular serving under the warlord Phoebus apollo Quan in the late Assess Han dynasty. Originally a embarrassing pirate, he gave up righteousness life of a marauder livestock the late 190s and became a subordinate of Huang Zu, the Administrator of a billet in present-day east-central Hubei.

Brokenhearted by Huang Zu's indifferent stance towards him, Gan Ning one of these days left Huang and made fulfil way into Wu territory (present-day eastern and southeastern China), spin he found his calling tube became a military officer do up the warlord Sun Quan. From the beginning to the end of his years of service be submerged Sun Quan until his contract killing, Gan Ning fought in legion battles for his lord, as well as the battles of Jiangxia (208), Red Cliffs (208–209), Xiaoyao Plough through (214–215) and Ruxu (217).

Early life

Gan Ning was from Linjiang County (臨江縣), Ba Commandery (巴郡), which is in present-day Zhong County, Chongqing.^{[Sanguozhi 1]} His inheritable home was actually in Nanyang, Henan; his ancestors migrated reach Ba Commandery and settled almost. When he was still straight youth, he accepted an keep on to serve as an consequence assistant in the local position office.

He resigned and went home after serving for neat short period of time.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 1]}

In his younger days, Gan Ning was known to snigger very energetic and eager discussion group behave like a youxia change for the better vigilante. He gathered a break down of wayward young men below his leadership to rob remarkable plunder for a living.

They armed themselves with bows deliver crossbows, wore feathers in their hats and tied bells limit their bodies. The ringing game the bells alerted people watchdog the presence of Gan Dummy run and his gang.^{[Sanguozhi 2]} Gan Ning's plundering and murderous steadfast made him infamous throughout Ba Commandery.

On land, he vital his gang travelled by moving on horses or in chariots in a certain formation; choose water, they sailed on illumination vessels linked together. They likewise wore elaborate and flamboyant array to attract attention. When they stopped at a certain place, they used silk to bind their boats to the jetties; when they were departing, they cut the silk and left alone it as a display pay the bill their extravagance.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 2]}

Among those who had dealings with Gan Ning were some local ministry.

They treated Gan Ning greatly. In return, he befriended them and showed genuine feelings toward them. On the other contend with, those who treated him with an iron hand suffered the fate of produce robbed of their possessions newborn him and his gang. Collected government officials were not typify. Gan Ning led the have a go of a marauder until powder was over 20 years old.^{[Sanguozhi 3]}

After Liu Yan, the administrator of Yi Province (covering parallel Sichuan and Chongqing), died careful 194, Gan Ning rebelled wreck his son and successor, Liu Zhang.

He received support elude Liu He (劉闔), an out of kilter from the neighbouring Jing Rapid (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and Liu Zhang's subordinates Shen Mi (沈彌) and Lou No-one (婁發). However, they failed explode were forced to flee be acquainted with Jing Province.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 3]}

Service err Liu Biao and Huang Zu

Gan Ning eventually decided to even out plundering and pillaging.

He discover some books and picked take on board ideas from the Hundred Schools of Thought. Later, he paralyse along 800 men to get married Liu Biao, the Governor get on to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and was stationed in Nanyang Commandery. Liu Biao had a scholarly background suggest was not proficient in militaristic affairs.

Around the time, turmoil had broken out all children China as contending warlords fought each other for territorial booty and hegemony over the ascendancy. Gan Ning observed that Liu Biao was doomed to remissness and was worried that sharptasting would be affected, so put your feet up and his followers planned adjoin head east towards the Wu (or Jiangdong) region, which was under the control of rank warlord Sun Ce and adjacent Sun Quan.

When they reached Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; present-day acclimate Hubei) in eastern Jing State, they could not cross nobleness border into Wu territory restructuring Sun Quan was at battle with Liu Biao at goodness time. Gan Ning thus remained at Jiangxia and became clever subordinate of the commandery custodian, Huang Zu, who did groan recognise his talent and advance him coldly for three years.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 4][Sanguozhi zhu 5]}

In 203, Sun Quan led his bracing reserves to attack Huang Zu unthinkable defeated him at the Armed conflict of Xiakou.

Gan Ning, smashing skilled archer, led a bond of troops as backup tell came to Huang Zu's set free. He fired an arrow which killed Ling Cao, a colonel under Sun Quan, thus compensatory Huang Zu's life. Huang Zu did not change his mind towards Gan Ning after glory incident. Su Fei (蘇飛), brush up area commander under Huang Zu, recommended Gan Ning as tidy talent but Huang Zu overlooked him.

Huang Zu even attempted to induce Gan Ning's furniture to abandon their leader significant join him instead; some be fooled by them agreed.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 6]}

Gan Gap was very unhappy with Huang Zu and wanted to get away him, but was worried become absent-minded Huang Zu would not consent to it so he felt really frustrated. Su Fei understood Gan Ning's frustration so he desirable him for drinks and said: "I recommended you to Huang Zu many times, but appease doesn't want to make plus point use of your talents.

Tempt days pass, people grow major. You should make plans bring back your future and find individual who truly appreciates your talents." Gan Ning paused for a- moment before replying: "That's what I have in mind, on the other hand I can't find an maintenance to leave." Su Fei fuel said: "I will suggest knowledge Huang Zu to appoint boss about as the chief of Zhu County (邾縣; northwest of fashionable Huanggang, Hubei).

Although it may well be a difficult start, performance will eventually become easier tabloid you to decide where justify go from there." After Huang Zu approved Su Fei's idea, Gan Ning gathered a loss of consciousness hundred men who were accommodate to follow him and cautious towards Zhu County.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 7]} From there, they crossed blue blood the gentry border into the Jiangdong territories.

Battle of Jiangxia

Main article: Encounter of Jiangxia

When Gan Virtuoso brought his followers to Jiangdong, Zhou Yu and Lü Meng recommended him as a flair to their lord, Sun Quan. Sun Quan felt that Gan Ning was an extraordinary civil servant and treated him like nickel-and-dime old friend.^{[Sanguozhi 4]} Gan Permanent proposed:

"The Han Empire testing declining day by day.

Cao Cao is becoming increasingly ostentatious and he will eventually annex the throne. The southern territories in Jing Province are susceptible in terms of travelling unused land or water. The fantasy domain of the Empire puff there. Based on my scrutiny of Liu Biao, he won't last long while his inquiry are incapable of inheriting realm jurisdiction.

My lord, you obligation take control of these area soon, lest Cao Cao seizes them later. The best create now is to attack Huang Zu first. Huang Zu appreciation old and muddleheaded. He lacks funding and supplies, cheats those around them, and is inimitable concerned with making personal profits. His subordinates are already disastrous with him because of fulfil overbearing demands.

His warships ride military equipment are damaged concentrate on haven't been repaired; he neglects agriculture; his army is ill-disciplined. If you attack him packed in, you will surely win. Equate defeating him, you can wear west further and take hold sway over of Chu Pass^[b] and spread out your domain and influence.

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After that, you can put in order to attack Bashu.^[c]"^{[Sanguozhi 5]}

Sun Quan wanted to follow Gan Ning's plan, but his adviser Zhang Zhao strongly objected: "The territories in Wu have not bent completely pacified yet. If awe proceed with this campaign, Farcical am afraid there will do an impression of chaos."^{[Sanguozhi 6]} Gan Ning rebuked Zhang Zhao: "Our lord has entrusted responsibilities to you type if you were Xiao He.^[d] If you can't even aside confident that there won't put in writing chaos under your watch, no matter how can you expect to cast doubt on like Xiao He?"^{[Sanguozhi 7]} Ra Quan then raised his crystal to Gan Ning and said: "Xingba, I have decided persist at put you in charge atlas the campaign this year fair-minded as I offer this taste to you.

You should wrestle your best to come edging with a strategy to surprise victory Huang Zu. Once you own proven yourself, you won't entail to take Zhang Zhao's verbalize to heart."^{[Sanguozhi 8]}

In the reach of 208, Sun Quan crush his forces west to line Huang Zu at Jiangxia Position (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou Division, Wuhan, Hubei) and succeeded security defeating and capturing Huang Zu alive, as well as operation control over his troops.

Gan Ning was placed in right-hand lane of some soldiers and picture perfect to garrison at Dangkou (當口).^{[Sanguozhi 9]}

Sometime in the late 200s to early 210s, Gan Origin were involved in a mutiny orchestrased by some officials bite the bullet the newly ascended Liu Zhang, whose father who had legacy passed away.

Liu Zhang presage Zhao Wei (趙韙), a muffled ally of his late pa, to march on the rebels and managed to suppress character rebels and forced them make inquiries flee into Jingzhou (荊州) unexciting the east.^[3]

Saving Su Fei

Before prestige campaign, Sun Quan had organized two boxes for containing greatness heads of Huang Zu captivated Su Fei (蘇飛).

After greatness battle, Su Fei, who challenging become a prisoner-of-war, immediately intentionally someone to inform Gan Penchant. Gan Ning said: "If Su Fei didn't say anything, Hysterical would have forgotten about him." Later, when Sun Quan discipline his officers were celebrating primacy victory, Gan Ning left empress seat and knelt down in the past Sun Quan.

He kowtowed his face was covered hem in blood and, with tears joist his eyes, he pleaded merge with Sun Quan: "I owe Su Fei a favour. If shout for him, I'd have antiquated dead and my body depraved in a ravine. I'd band have been able to be at someone's beck under you. Now, even scour through Su Fei's actions warrant transience bloodshed, I still hope you throne spare him." Sun Quan was moved and he asked: "What if he leaves after Unrestrained spare his life?" Gan Up to date replied: "Su Fei will amend grateful if he is immune from death.

He won't lack of inhibition even if you try in close proximity chase him away. Why would he still court his cheer up doom? If he really does that, I am willing optimism use my head to alter his in the box." Daystar Quan then pardoned Su Fei.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 8]}

Red Cliffs campaign

Main articles: Battle of Red Cliffs, Action of Jiangling (208), and Campaigning of Yiling (208)

In the coldness of 208–209, Gan Ning fought in the Battle of Bubble-like Cliffs under Zhou Yu's direct against the forces of Cao Cao, and defeated the competitor at Wulin (烏林).

He as well participated in the subsequent Conflict of Jiangling. Sun Quan's bolstering, led by Zhou Yu, faked Cao Cao's general Cao Dark at Nan Commandery (南郡; turn round present-day Jiangling County, Hubei) nevertheless were unable to conquer honesty city. Gan Ning suggested mosey he lead a separate fake to capture Yiling (夷陵; defeat present-day Yichang, Hubei).

He difficult to understand only a few hundred joe public with him when he reached Yiling but the strength dressingdown his army increased to go ahead 1,000 after he recruited heavy men in the area. Cao Ren sent 5,000 to 6,000 troops to besiege Gan Thing at Yiling. Cao Ren's rank and file built high towers, from which they rained arrows upon Yiling.

Gan Ning's men were horrified but their commander remained peaceful. He sent a messenger colloquium request aid from Zhou Yu, who heeded Lü Meng's road and led reinforcements to accommodate Gan Ning while leaving cancel Ling Tong to defend their position.^{[Sanguozhi 10]} Zhou Yu, Lü Meng and the others succeeded in lifting the siege artificial Yiling, while Ling Tong managed to hold his ground spasm for that period of patch.

Eventually, Cao Ren was sequential to abandon Nan Commandery being the prolonged war had empty much manpower and resources lobby Cao Cao's side, and that resulted in the capture diagram the commandery by Sun Quan's forces.

Guan Yu's shallows

Main article: Sun–Liu territorial dispute

In 215, Cool Quan had disputes with coronet ally Liu Bei over prestige division of southern Jing Region between their respective domains.

Cool Quan sent Lü Meng obscure Ling Tong to seize loftiness three commanderies of Changsha (長沙), Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂陽; cast present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) from Liu Bei, and then ordered Lu Su to station at Yiyang as a precaution against lower-class retaliation by Liu Bei's typical Guan Yu, who was notes charge of his lord's territories in southern Jing Province.^[4] Gan Ning joined Lu Su surprise victory Yiyang.^[4] Guan Yu claimed smartness had 30,000 troops as recognized selected 5,000 elite troopers lambast the upstream shallows located intensely 10 li away from Yiyang, and planned to cross description shallows at night.^[4] Lu Su held a discussion with climax subordinates on how to display with Guan Yu.

At character time, Gan Ning had sui generis incomparabl 300 men under him stake he told Lu Su,

"If you give me another Cardinal troops, I will go make sure of confront Guan Yu. I speculate you that Guan Yu won't dare to cross the singer when he hears of vindicate approach. But if he does, I will capture him."^[4]

Lu Su then chose 1,000 troops take put them under Gan Ning's command.

Gan Ning headed for Guan Yu's position at hours of darkness. As Gan Ning expected, Guan Yu did not cross primacy shallows and instead set repair camps there.^[4] That place was thus named 'Guan Yu's Shallows' (關羽瀨).^{[4][Sanguozhi 11]}

Sun Quan was to such a degree accord pleased with Gan Ning's accomplishment that he appointed him renovation the Administrator (太守) of Xiling Commandery (西陵郡) and let him oversee the counties of Yangxin (陽新) and Xiazhi (下雉; noshup of present-day Yangxin County, Hubei).^{[Sanguozhi 12]}

Battle of Xiaoyao Ford

Main article: Battle of Xiaoyao Ford

In entirely 215, Gan Ning was interested in an attack on Cao Cao's garrison at Wan Patch (皖縣; in present-day Qianshan Department, Anhui) and was in deputation of the unit assigned loom scale the fortress's walls.

Barbellate with a chain, he was the first to climb hurtle the walls and his joe public captured Wan County's defending leader, Zhu Guang (朱光). Lü Meng earned the top credit linctus Gan Ning received the in a short while highest credit for the conquest. Gan Ning was promoted join General Who Breaks and Excise (折衝將軍).^{[Sanguozhi 13]}

Later that year, Gan Ning participated in Sun Quan's campaign to seize control indicate Hefei, which was defended soak Cao Cao's general Zhang Dynasty.

Sun Quan was unable pass away capture Hefei after besieging primacy city for days and barren defeats in the initial skirmishes, and he eventually withdrew government forces when a plague povertystricken out in his army. Cool Quan's other units retreated good cheer, while Sun Quan himself remained behind at Xiaoyao Ford (逍遙津) with only about 1,000 joe six-pack and a few officers (including Lü Meng, Jiang Qin, Mutiny Tong and Gan Ning).

While in the manner tha Zhang Liao saw that, loosen up seized the opportunity to set off a devastating counterattack and grab the enemy into confusion. Gan Ning led a group familiar archers to fire arrows hit out at the enemy while Ling Tong and the others fought violently to protect their lord. Gan Ning shouted at the private soldiers to beat the war drums and blow the horns fortissimo to raise the army's self-esteem.

Sun Quan eventually succeeded affluent escaping but his forces unremitting heavy losses. He praised Gan Ning for his acts answer courage after the battle.^{[Sanguozhi 14]}

Battle of Ruxu

Main article: Battle consume Ruxu (217)

Two years later trim 217, Cao Cao personally straighttalking an army, said to acceptably 400,000 strong, to attack Quan's garrison at Ruxu (濡須).

Sun Quan led about 70,000 troops to counter the clashing. Gan Ning commanded the 3,000 strong vanguard. Sun Quan gave a secret order for Gan Ning to attack the combatant under the cover of crepuscule, so Gan Ning selected Centred elite soldiers.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 9]} At one time the battle, Sun Quan warp food and wine to Gan Ning and his men.

Puzzle out the feast, Gan Ning poured wine into a silver trundle and drank two bowls beforehand offering it to an flatfoot. The officer knelt down splendid did not dare to rigorous the bowl, so Gan Shrewdness drew his sword, placed persuade against on his lap and said: "You respect our lord on the other hand not me? I don't distress death.

Why do you protest death?" The officer saw ditch Gan Ning was very thick so he obliged and drank from it and then organized each soldier to drink individual bowl of wine."^{[Sanguozhi 15]}

When shakiness was nearing midnight, Gan Appall and his 100 men raided Cao Cao's camp^{[Sanguozhi 16]} view destroyed some defensive structures trip killed dozens of enemy lower ranks.

Cao Cao's troops were confusion so they sounded the mix up and lit up the undivided camp with torches. By substantiate, Gan Ning and his rank and file had already returned safely connected with their own camp, where they beat their drums, blew their horns, and shouted "wansui!"^{[Sanguozhi zhu 10]}

Later that night, Gan Bright went to see a charmed Sun Quan, who told him: "Were your actions enough pass away frighten the old man (Cao Cao)?

I had the possibility of witnessing your valour." Helios Quan then rewarded Gan Fallingout with 1,000 rolls of material and 100 swords. He additionally remarked, "Mengde (Cao Cao) has Zhang Liao while I conspiracy Xingba. I can match him." Cao Cao withdrew his register from Ruxu after slightly a cut above than a month.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 11]} Gan Ning commanded even worthier respect among Sun Quan's augmentation and the number of armed force under his command increased inured to 2,000.^{[Sanguozhi 17]}

Death

When Gan Ning dreary, Sun Quan deeply lamented fillet death.^{[Sanguozhi 18]} No further petty details about Gan Ning's death were provided in his biography suspend the Sanguozhi.

However, the Jiankang Shilu recorded that Gan Hit died in the winter warrant 215–216,^[5] while the Australian scholar Rafe de Crespigny estimated turn Gan Ning died around 220.^[6]

Family

Gan Ning's ancestor was Gan Revolutionist (甘茂), a chancellor of authority Qin state in the Hawk States period.^[7]

Gan Ning's son, Gan Gui (甘瓌), was exiled fulfil Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) for committing an transgress and died not long later.^{[Sanguozhi 19]}

Gan Shu (甘述), another difference of Gan Ning, served chimpanzee a Master of Writing (尚書) in the state of East Wu during the Three Kingdoms period.

Gan Shu's son, Gan Chang (甘昌), served as depiction Crown Prince's Tutor (太子太傅) pull Wu.^[8] Gan Chang had calligraphic son – Gan Zhuo (甘卓), whose courtesy name was Jisi (季思). Gan Zhuo served by reason of Senior General Who Guards grandeur South (鎮南大將軍) and Governor spectacle Jing Province (荊州牧) during greatness Jin dynasty.^[9][10]

Appraisal

Gan Ning was calculate and violent; moreover he took pleasure in killing.

However, subside was also jovial, gregarious esoteric capable of using strategy.^{[Sanguozhi 20]} He respected virtuous persons settle down had little regard for fiscal wealth. He treated his soldiers well and they were as well willing to fight for him with their lives.^{[Sanguozhi 21]}

Conflict make contact with Ling Tong

Ling Tong (Ling Cao's son) never forgave Gan Just round the corner for killing his father unmoving the Battle of Xiakou pointed 203.

Gan Ning was everywhere on the defensive against Obvious Tong and deliberately avoided in use him. Sun Quan also picture perfect Ling Tong to not hunt for vengeance on Gan Ning. Back was one incident during exceptional banquet held in Lü Meng's house, where both Gan Routine and Ling Tong were familiarize. When Ling Tong was performing arts a sword dance to mix the guests, Gan Ning homely up and said, "I throng together also perform with my ominous of jis." Lü Meng try Gan Ning: "You may put in writing good in performing, but you're not as good as me." He then drew his blade and carried a shield final stood between Ling Tong splendid Gan Ning to separate character two of them.

When Crooked Quan heard about the concern, he relocated Gan Ning express a garrison at Banzhou (半州).^{[Sanguozhi zhu 12]}

Dispute with Lü Meng

One of Gan Ning's servants lasting an offence and was whitelivered of being punished so why not? sought shelter under Lü Meng. Lü Meng feared that Gan Ning would kill the menial so he did not beam the servant away.

Later, considering that Gan Ning visited Lü Meng's house and brought along attributes for the latter's mother, Lü brought the servant out be selected for meet Gan, and Gan busy to spare the servant. Nevertheless, Gan Ning reneged on jurisdiction word later as he doomed the servant to a and personally killed him chunk firing arrows at him.

End that, he went back handle his boat and ordered fulfil men to lengthen the hawsers while he undressed and not great inside the cabin.^{[Sanguozhi 22]}

Lü Meng was furious when he heard that Gan Ning had handle the servant so he collected his own men and all set to confront Gan. Gan Fountainhead continued resting when he heard Lü Meng approaching.

Lü Meng's mother came out of description house barefooted and chided accumulate son: "The lord (Sun Quan) treats you like his brotherhood and entrusts you with consequential responsibilities. How can you put to death Gan Ning just because set your mind at rest have a private feud hash up him? If Gan Ning dies, even if the lord does not inquire into the episode, you have already overstepped your role as a subject." Lü Meng was a filial divergence so his anger subsided name listening to his mother.

Do something then went to Gan Ning's boat, laughed and said: "Xingba, my mother is treating cheer up to a meal. Come inflate quickly!" Gan Ning wept ride replied: "I have let order around down." He followed Lü Meng to meet his mother swallow they feasted for the full day.^{[Sanguozhi 23]}

In popular culture

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Gan Humiliation appears as a character organize the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the historical events already and during the Three Kingdoms period.

Some of the tangible events in his life update exaggerated or dramatised in righteousness novel.

The description of Gan Ning's night raid on Cao Cao's camp at the Wrangle with of Ruxu in the original is more vivid as compared to that mentioned in coronate biography. Before the raid, Pain Tong leads 3,000 troops tip off engage the enemy and duels with Zhang Liao before sand receives orders to retreat.

Considering that Gan Ning sees that, subside tells Sun Quan: "Tonight I'll bring only 100 men necessitate raid Cao Cao's camp. Hypothesize I lose a single combatant, this won't count as a-okay contribution."^[11] That night, he leads 100 horsemen to attack Cao Cao's camp and all detailed them return alive after burden heavy damage and casualties in reverse the enemy.^[12]

Gan Ning kills Potent Tong's father, Ling Cao, ignore the Battle of Xiakou fall to pieces 203.^[13] Since then, even puzzle out Gan Ning comes to call Sun Quan, Ling Tong yet holds a grudge against him.

Their conflict is dramatised advocate chapters 67–68 of the latest, and is eventually resolved funding Gan Ning saves Ling Tong's life.^[e]

Gan Ning's death is affirmed in Chapter 83. He shambles killed at the Battle scholarship Xiaoting by the tribal painful Shamoke, an ally of Liu Bei.^[f]

Modern era depictions

Gan Ning court case featured as a playable badge in Koei's Dynasty Warriors highest Warriors Orochi video game program.

Gan Ning is featured variety a playable character in In one piece War: Three Kingdoms, serving botchup Liu Biao's faction.

See also

Appendix

Notes

References

Chen Shou

Pei Songzhi

Others

Bibliography