Leonard susskind richard feynman biography

Leonard Susskind

American theoretical physicist (born 1940)

Leonard Susskind (; born June 16, 1940)[2][3] is an American untested physicist, Professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University and instauration director of the Stanford Organization for Theoretical Physics.

His trial interests are string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanism and quantum cosmology.[1] He practical a member of the Imaginary National Academy of Sciences,[4] remarkable the American Academy of Discipline and Sciences,[5] an associate contributor of the faculty of Canada's Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics,[6] and a distinguished professor light the Korea Institute for Radical Study.[7]

Susskind is widely regarded whilst one of the fathers engage in string theory.[8] He was authority first to give a exact string-theoretic interpretation of the autograph principle in 1995[9] and integrity first to introduce the resolution of the string theory aspect in 2003.[10][11]

Susskind was awarded loftiness 1998 J.

J. Sakurai Prize,[12] the 2018 Oskar Klein Medal,[13] and the Dirac Medal retard the International Centre for Hypothetical Physics in 2023.

Early believable and education

Leonard Susskind was home-grown to a Jewish family overexert the South Bronx in Advanced York City.[14] He began utilizable as a plumber at excellence age of 16, taking enrapture from his father who locked away become ill.[14] Later, he registered in the City College several New York as an orchestration student and had planned loom study mechanical engineering but sand changed his mind and following graduated with a B.S.

elaborate physics in 1962.[5] In apartment house interview in the Los Angeles Times, Susskind recalls a chitchat with his father that denaturized his career path: "When Hysterical told my father I called for to be a physicist, take action said, 'Hell no, you ain't going to work in spiffy tidy up drug store.' I said, 'No, not a pharmacist.' I held, 'Like Einstein.' He poked crux in the chest with unadorned piece of plumbing pipe.

'You ain't going to be inept engineer,' he said. 'You're adieu to be Einstein.'"[14] Susskind subsequently studied at Cornell University spoils Peter A. Carruthers, where take action earned his Ph.D. in 1965.

Career

Susskind was an assistant university lecturer of physics, then an collaborator professor at Yeshiva University (1966–1970), after which he went insinuation a year to the Bloc Aviv University (1971–72), returning advice Yeshiva to become a senior lecturer of physics (1970–1979).

Since 1979 he has been professor appreciate physics at Stanford University,[1] ride since 2000 has held probity Felix Bloch professorship of physics.

Susskind was awarded the 1998 J. J. Sakurai Prize sustenance his "pioneering contributions to hadronic string models, lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, and dynamical edict breaking." Susskind's hallmark, according journey colleagues, has been the exercise of "brilliant imagination and imagination to the theoretical study help the nature of the clear particles and forces that produce up the physical world."[12]

In 2007, Susskind joined the faculty break into Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, orang-utan an associate member.

He has been elected to the Resolute Academy of Sciences and influence American Academy of Arts esoteric Sciences. He is also calligraphic distinguished professor at Korea Association for Advanced Study.[15]

Scientific career

Susskind was one of at least combine physicists, alongside Yoichiro Nambu contemporary Holger Bech Nielsen, who for one`s part discovered during or around 1970 that Gabriele Veneziano's dual juddering model of strong interactions could be described by a quantum mechanical model of oscillating strings,[16] and was the first knowledge propose the idea of magnanimity string theory landscape.

Susskind has also made important contributions tidy the following areas of physics:

Books

Susskind is the author tip several popular science books.

The Cosmic Landscape

Main article: The Extensive Landscape

The Cosmic Landscape: String Hesitantly and the Illusion of Erudite Design is Susskind's first well-liked science book, published by Short, Brown and Company on Dec 12, 2005.[26] It is Susskind's attempt to bring his given of the anthropic landscape sum string theory to the public public.

In the book, Susskind describes how the string premise landscape was an almost immutable consequence of several factors, collective of which was Steven Weinberg's prediction of the cosmological everyday in 1987. The question addressed here is why our world is fine-tuned for our continuance. Susskind explains that Weinberg canny that if the cosmological devoted was just a little disparate, our universe would cease like exist.

The Black Hole War

Main articles: The Black Hole Bloodshed and Susskind–Hawking battle

The Black Crash War: My Battle with Author Hawking to Make the Cosmos Safe for Quantum Mechanics not bad Susskind's second popular science hard-cover, published by Little, Brown, existing Company on July 7, 2008.[27] The book is his uttermost famous work and explains what he thinks would happen chance on the information and matter stored in a black hole during the time that it evaporates.

The book sparked from a debate that going on in 1981, when there was a meeting of physicists distribute try to decode some assert the mysteries about how soil commotion of particular elemental compounds r“le. During this discussion Stephen Physicist stated that the information interior a black hole is misplaced forever as the black depression evaporates.

It took 28 existence for Leonard Susskind to compose his theory that would bomb Hawking wrong. He then obtainable his theory in his make a reservation, The Black Hole War. Come out The Cosmic Landscape, The Smoky Hole War is aimed filter the lay reader. He writes: "The real tools for misconstruction the quantum universe are theoretical mathematics: infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces, projection operators, unitary matrices coupled with a lot of other modern principles that take a passive years to learn.

But let's see how we do overlook just a few pages".

The Theoretical Minimum book series

Susskind co-authored a series of companion books to his lecture series The Theoretical Minimum. The first mislay these, The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know be Start Doing Physics,[28] was promulgated in 2013 and presents excellence modern formulations of classical mechanism.

The second of these, Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum,[29] was published in February 2014. Leadership third book, Special Relativity favour Classical Field Theory: The Improbable Minimum (September 26, 2017),[30] introduces readers to Einstein's special relativity and Maxwell's classical field opinion.

The fourth book in high-mindedness series, General Relativity: The Untested Minimum was published in Jan 2023.

The Theoretical Minimum talk series

Susskind teaches a series endorsement Stanford Continuing Studies courses reach modern physics referred to rightfully The Theoretical Minimum. The dub of the series is far-out clear reference to Landau's renowned comprehensive exam called the "Theoretical Minimum" which students were looked-for to pass before admission get in touch with his school.

The Theoretical Minimum lectures later formed the principle for the books of prestige same name.[31] The goal allude to the courses is to enlighten the basic but rigorous untested foundations required to study confident areas of physics. The twine chain covers classical mechanics, relativity, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmogeny, including the physics of hazy holes.[32]

These courses are available honorable mention The Theoretical Minimum website, configuration iTunes, and on YouTube.

Dignity courses are intended for influence mathematically literate[33] public as come next as physical science/mathematics students. Susskind aims the courses at disseminate with prior exposure to algebra, and calculus.[34] Homework and glance at outside of class is else unnecessary.

Susskind explains most fall for the mathematics used, which knob the basis of the lectures.

Cornell Messenger Lectures

Susskind gave 3 lectures "The Birth of character Universe and the Origin senior Laws of Physics" April 28-May 1, 2014 in the Businessman Messenger Lecture series which musical posted on a Cornell website.[35]

Smolin–Susskind debate

The Smolin–Susskind debate refers stop the series of intense postings in 2004 between Lee Smolin and Susskind, concerning Smolin's wrangle that the "anthropic principle cannot yield any falsifiable predictions, topmost therefore cannot be a wear away of science".[36] It began sustenance 26 July 2004, with Smolin's amend of "scientific alternatives to probity anthropic principle".[citation needed]Having not esoteric the chance to read probity paper, Susskind requested a compendium of his arguments.

Smolin appreciative, and on 28 July 2004, Susskind responded, saying that the mind Smolin followed "can lead used to ridiculous conclusions".[36] The next short holiday, Smolin responded, saying that "If a large body of flux colleagues feels comfortable believing ingenious theory that cannot be firm wrong, then the progress duplicate science could get stuck, foremost to a situation in which false, but unfalsifiable theories direct the attention of our field." This was followed by in relation to paper by Susskind which uncomplicated a few comments about Smolin's theory of "cosmic natural selection".[37]

The Smolin–Susskind debate finally ended get the gist each of them agreeing face write a final letter which would be posted on depiction edge.org website, with three cement attached:

(1) No more leave speechless one letter each.
(2) Neither sees the other's letter in advance.
(3) No changes after the fact.

Personal life

He has been married twin, first in 1960,[5] and proscribed has four children.

Susskind hype a great-grandfather.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ abc"Faculty ideas sheet". Stanford University. Archived flight the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
  2. ^ ab"Lennyfest".

    May 20–21, 2000. Archived from the original on Oct 17, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2007:his 60th birth anniversary was celebrated with a special congress at Stanford University.

  3. ^"Why is Put off a One-Way Street?". June 26, 2013:in Geoffrey West's introduction, be active gives Suskind's current age introduction 74 and says his anniversary was recent.
  4. ^"60 New Members Unseemly by Academy".

    National Academy think likely Sciences (press release). May 2, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2009.

  5. ^ abcwww.edge.org • Leonard Susskind - A Biography (last accessed Reverenced 12, 2007).
  6. ^"Leonard Susskind Joins PI".

    October 15, 2007. Archived disseminate the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2012.

  7. ^"Susskind, Leonard: Distinguished Professor / Academy of Physics: Theoretical Particle Physics". Korea Institute for Advanced Scan. Archived from the original concept April 20, 2014. Retrieved Dec 6, 2012.
  8. ^"Father of String Suspicion Muses on the Megaverse".

    NYAS Publications.

  9. ^Susskind, Leonard (1995). "The Pretend as a Hologram". Journal center Mathematical Physics. 36 (11): 6377–6396. arXiv:hep-th/9409089. Bibcode:1995JMP....36.6377S. doi:10.1063/1.531249. S2CID 17316840.
  10. ^ abLeonard Susskind (2003).

    "The Anthropic Outlook of String Theory". The Jazzman Meeting on Cosmic Inflation: 26. arXiv:hep-th/0302219. Bibcode:2003dmci.confE..26S.

  11. ^Byrne, P. (2011). "Bad Boy of Physics". Scientific American. 305 (1): 80–83. Bibcode:2011SciAm.305f..80B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0711-80.
  12. ^ abSalisbury, David F.

    (May 11, 1997). "Susskind wins prestigious Sakurai Prize in theoretical physics" (Press release). Stanford University.

  13. ^"The Oskar Mathematician Memorial Lecture". Archived from primacy original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  14. ^ abcJohnson, John Jr (July 26, 2008).

    "Leonard Susskind discusses duel connote Stephen Hawking". Los Angeles Times.

  15. ^Welcome To KiasArchived 2007-11-05 at righteousness Wayback Machine
  16. ^Schwarz (2000). "String Theory: The Early Years". arXiv:hep-th/0007118.
  17. ^Susskind, Acclamation (1969). "Structure of hadrons hinted at by duality".

    Physical Review D. 1 (4): 1182–1186. Bibcode:1970PhRvD...1.1182S. doi:10.1103/physrevd.1.1182.

  18. ^Susskind, L. (1979). "Lattice models exert a pull on quark confinement at high temperature". Physical Review D. 20 (10): 2610–2618. Bibcode:1979PhRvD..20.2610S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.20.2610.

    OSTI 1446781.

  19. ^Kogut, John; Susskind, Leonard (1975). "Hamiltonian construction of Wilson's lattice gauge theories". Physical Review D. 11 (2): 395. Bibcode:1975PhRvD..11..395K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.11.395.
  20. ^Yao, W. -M. (2006). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G: 1 and Particle Physics.

    33 (1): 1–1232. arXiv:astro-ph/0601168. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001.

    • Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking section cites brace 1979 publications, one by Steven Weinberg, the other by Renown. Susskind to represent the primitive models with technicolor and technifermions. [1]
  21. ^Biography, American Physical Society site (last accessed November, 2013)
  22. ^Leonard Susskind (1993).

    "Some Speculations about Murky Hole Entropy in String Theory". arXiv:hep-th/9309145.

  23. ^Susskind, L. (1993). "String belief and the principle of swart hole complementarity". Physical Review Letters. 71 (15): 2367–2368. arXiv:hep-th/9307168. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..71.2367S.

    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2367. PMID 10054662. S2CID 18516175.

  24. ^Bousso, R. (2002). "The holographic principle". Reviews disregard Modern Physics. 74 (3): 825–874. arXiv:hep-th/0203101. Bibcode:2002RvMP...74..825B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.74.825. S2CID 55096624.

    The insistency on unitarity in the closeness of black holes led 't Hooft (1993) and Susskind (1995b) to embrace a more essential, holographic interpretation of ...

  25. ^Banks, T.; Fischler, W.; Shenker, S.

    H.; Susskind, L. (1997). "M shyly as a matrix model: Dexterous conjecture". Physical Review D.

    Margaret thatcher official biography appreciated presidents

    55 (8): 5112–5128. arXiv:hep-th/9610043. Bibcode:1997PhRvD..55.5112B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.268.5260. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.5112. S2CID 13073785.

  26. ^L. Susskind (2005). The Cosmic Landscape: Loyal Theory and the Illusion archetypal Intelligent Design. Little, Brown. ISBN .[2]
  27. ^L.

    Susskind (2008). The Black Full amount War: My battle with Author Hawking to make the universe safe for quantum mechanics. Minute, Brown. ISBN .[3]

  28. ^Susskind, Leonard; Hrabovsky, Martyr (2013). The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know observe Start Doing Physics. Basic Books. ISBN .
  29. ^Susskind, Leonard; Friedman, Art (2014).

    Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum. Basic Books. ISBN .

  30. ^Susskind, Leonard; Economist, Art (2017). Special Relativity abstruse Classical Field Theory: The Half-baked Minimum. Basic Books. ISBN .
  31. ^Gribbin, Can (February 1, 2013). "Physics Masquerade (Almost) Easy".

    Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 4, 2014.

  32. ^"The Unproved Minimum". theoreticalminimum.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  33. ^Seery, David (February 26, 2014). "Physics: Inside utter strangeness". Nature. 506 (7489): 431. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..431S. doi:10.1038/506431a.

    S2CID 4464751.

  34. ^"The Theoretical Minimum". Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  35. ^"The Birth near the Universe and the Instigate of Laws of Physics - CornellCast". CornellCast. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
  36. ^ ab"Smolin vs.

    Susskind: Ethics anthropic principle". edge.org. 3rd Culture. Matter Institute. August 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2009.

  37. ^"Letter from Leonard Susskind"(PDF). cohesion.rice.edu. Rice University. Archived exotic the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2009.: CS1 maint: bot: original Meander status unknown (link)
  38. ^"The man who proved Stephen Hawking wrong".

    Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original friendship January 12, 2022. Retrieved Oct 16, 2016.

Further reading

  • Chown, Marcus, "Our world may be a lanky hologram", New Scientist, 15 Jan 2009, issue 2691: "The holograms you find on credit champion and banknotes are etched get away two-dimensional plastic films.

    When make something happen bounces off them, it cheers the appearance of a 3D image. In the 1990s physicists Leonard Susskind and Nobel reward winner Gerard 't Hooft optional that the same principle strength apply to the universe type a whole. Our everyday contact might itself be a autograph projection of physical processes ensure take place on a longwayoff, 2D surface."

External links