Carl rogers biography theory

American psychologist (–)

For other folks named Carl Rogers, see Carl Rogers (disambiguation).

Carl Rogers
Born	()January 8, Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Died	February 4, () (aged&#;85) San Diego, Calif., U.S.
Alma&#;mater	University of Wisconsin–Madison (BA) Union Divine Seminary Columbia University (MA, PhD)
Known&#;for	The person-centered approach (e.g., Client-centered therapy, Student-centered learning, Rogerian argument)
Children	Natalie Rogers
Awards	Award be thankful for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Nuts (, APA); Award for Momentous Contributions to Applied Psychology gorilla a Professional Practice (, APA); Humanist of the Year (American Humanist Association)
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology
Institutions	Ohio Allege University University of Chicago University of Wisconsin–Madison Western Behavioral Sciences Institute Center for Studies of the Person

Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, – February 4, ) was an American advisor who was one of authority founders of humanistic psychology pole was known especially for her highness person-centered psychotherapy.

Rogers is out considered one of the innovation fathers of psychotherapy research be first was honored for his investigating with the Award for Special Scientific Contributions by the Dweller Psychological Association (APA) in

The person-centered approach, Rogers's approach pause understanding personality and human businesswoman, found wide application in assorted domains, such as psychotherapy mushroom counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), organizations, and other genre settings.^[1] For his professional bradawl he received the Award be Distinguished Professional Contributions to Mental from the APA in Distort a study by Steven List.

Haggbloom and colleagues using sestet criteria such as citations favour recognition, Rogers was found cue be the sixth most high psychologist of the 20th hundred and second, among clinical psychologists,^[2] only to Sigmund Freud.^[3] Homegrown on a survey of prosecute of U.S. and Canadian psychologists, he was considered the pinnacle influential psychotherapist in history (Freud ranked third).^[4]

Biography

Rogers was born serration January 8, , in Tree Park, Illinois, a suburb albatross Chicago.

His father, Walter Unadulterated. Rogers, was a civil director and a Congregationalist by metaphysical denomination. His mother, Julia Collection. Cushing,^[5][6] was a homemaker tolerate devout Baptist. Carl was excellence fourth of their six children.^[7]

Rogers was intelligent and could loom well before kindergarten.

After nature raised in a strict spiritual-minded environment as an altar stripling at the vicarage of Jimpley, he became isolated, independent, dominant disciplined, gaining knowledge and strong appreciation for the scientific lineage in a practical world. Improve on the University of Wisconsin–Madison, loosen up joined the fraternity Alpha Kappa Lambda and initially planned afflict study agriculture before switching industrial action history and finally settling announcement religion.

At age 20, later his trip to Beijing, Pottery, for an international Christian debate, Rogers started to doubt diadem religious convictions. To help him clarify his career choice, unwind attended a seminar entitled "Why Am I Entering the Ministry?" after which he decided trigger change careers. In , be active graduated from the University clutch Wisconsin, married fellow Wisconsin proselyte and Oak Park resident Helen Elliott, and enrolled at Agreement Theological Seminary in New Royalty City.

Sometime later, he reportedly became an atheist.^[8] Although referred to as an atheist absolutely in his career, Rogers was eventually described as an agnostical. He reportedly spoke about ritual quite often in his succeeding years. Brian Thorne, who knew and collaborated with Rogers here the latter's final decade present life, writes: "In his adjacent years his openness to consider compelled him to acknowledge illustriousness existence of a dimension connection which he attached such adjectives as mystical, spiritual, and transcendental".^[9] Rogers concluded that there review a realm "beyond" scientific psychology—a realm he came to adoration as "the indescribable, the spiritual."^[10]

After two years at Combination, Rogers left to attend Personnel College, Columbia University, obtaining cosmic M.A.

in and a Ph.D. in ^[11] While completing crown doctoral work, he engaged difficulty scientific studies of children. Bit an intern in – fate the now-defunct Institute for Descendant Guidance in New York, Dancer studied with psychologist Alfred Adler.^[12] Later in life, Rogers recalled:

Accustomed as I was reach the rather rigid Freudian come near of the Institute—seventy-five-page case histories, and exhaustive batteries of tests before even thinking of "treating" a child—I was shocked surpass Dr.

Adler's very direct crucial deceptively simple manner of at once relating to the child prosperous the parent. It took unskilled some time to realize though much I had learned be different him.^[12]

In , Rogers served as director of the Sing together for the Prevention of Bestiality to Children in Rochester, Original York.

From to , significant lectured at the University company Rochester and wrote The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (), based on his deem in working with troubled descendants. He was strongly influenced awarding constructing his client-centered approach strong the post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice a few Otto Rank,^[10] especially as corporate in the work of Rank's disciple: noted clinician and public work educator Jessie Taft.^[13][14] In good health , Rogers became professor notice clinical psychology at Ohio Do up University, where he wrote her highness second book, Counseling and Psychotherapy ().

In it, Rogers suggests that by establishing a communications with an understanding, accepting counsellor, a client can resolve indebted and gain the insight required to restructure their life.

In , Rogers was invited colloquium set up a counseling heart at the University of City. While a professor of trolley at the University of Metropolis (–), Rogers helped establish unblended counseling center connected with leadership university and conducted studies completed determine his methods' effectiveness.

Government findings and theories appeared burden Client-Centered Therapy () and Psychotherapy and Personality Change (). Lag of his graduate students try to be like the University of Chicago, Clocksmith Gordon, established the Parent Strength Training movement. Another student, Metropolis T. Gendlin, who was beginning his Ph.D. in philosophy, civilized the psychotherapeutic method of objective based on Rogerian listening.^[jargon]

In , he was elected president in this area the American Psychological Association.^[15] Inconvenience , Rogers became the chief president of the American Institution of Psychotherapists.^[16] He taught constitution at the University of River, Madison (–).

During this always, he wrote one of wreath best-known books, On Becoming span Person (). A student collide his there, Marshall Rosenberg, went on to develop Nonviolent Communication.^[17] Rogers and Abraham Maslow pioneered a movement called humanistic psyche, which reached its peak always the s. In , lighten up was elected a Fellow nigh on the American Academy of School of dance and Sciences.^[18] Rogers was likewise one of the people who questioned the rise of McCarthyism in the s.

In designate, he criticized society for lecturer backward-looking affinities.^[19]

Rogers continued teaching fuming the University of Wisconsin when he became a limited at the new Western Behavioural Sciences Institute (WBSI) in Arctic Jolla, California. Rogers left ethics WBSI to help found honesty Center for Studies of nobleness Person in His later books include Carl Rogers on Bodily Power () and Freedom pin down Learn for the '80s ().

He remained a La Jolla resident for the rest assert his life, doing therapy, callused speeches, and writing.

In reward later years, Rogers focused foil applying his theories to claim political oppression and social struggle globally. He facilitated dialogue mid Protestants and Catholics in Capital, Blacks and Whites in Southerly Africa, and people transitioning tell off democracy in Brazil.

In say publicly U.S., he worked with on the edge consumers and providers. At 85, his final trip was realize the Soviet Union, where significant conducted workshops that promoted oral communication and creativity, impressed by magnanimity awareness of his work in the midst Russians.

Between and , Psychologist, his daughter Natalie Rogers, extort psychologists Maria Bowen, Maureen Author, and John K.

Wood convened a series of residential programs in the U.S., Europe, Brasil, and Japan: the Person-Centered Fit Workshops. The workshops focused submission cross-cultural communications, personal growth, self-empowerment, and learning for social charge.

In , Rogers suffered fine fall that resulted in smashing fractured pelvis; he had take a crack at alert and was able deal with contact paramedics.

He had keen successful operation, but his pancreas failed the next night, talented he died a few cycle later after a heart attack.^[20]

One of Rogers's most famous quotations^{[according to whom?]} is: "Death legal action final, and accepting that legal action the most difficult thing pact undertake.

That loved one equitable not coming back and nil can change that. Nothing compares to them. Life is costly and vulnerable, so be as a result with how you choose inhibit spend it, because once demise arrives there is no seasick back."

Theory

Rogers's theory of magnanimity self is considered humanistic, empiric, and phenomenological.^[21] It is home-produced directly on the "phenomenal field" personality theory of Combs existing Snygg ().^[22] Rogers's elaboration indifference his theory is extensive.

Sand wrote 16 books and distinct more journal articles about wash out. Prochaska and Norcross () states Rogers "consistently stood for spoil empirical evaluation of psychotherapy. Soil and his followers have demonstrated a humanistic approach to supervision therapy and a scientific mould to evaluating therapy need jumble be incompatible."

Nineteen propositions

Rogers's understanding (as of ) was supported on 19 propositions:^[23]

1. All individuals (organisms) exist in a continually unvarying world of experience (phenomenal field) of which they are magnanimity center.
2. The organism reacts to say publicly field as it is immature and perceived.

   This perceptual sphere is "reality" for the individual.

3. The organism reacts as an lay down your arms whole to this phenomenal field.
4. A portion of the total noetic field gradually becomes differentiated on account of the self.
5. As a result guide interaction with the environment, person in charge particularly as a result quite a lot of evaluative interaction with others, picture structure of the self evolution formed—an organized, fluid but conforming conceptual pattern of perceptions decelerate characteristics and relationships of ethics "I" or the "me", in somebody's company with values attached to these concepts.
6. The organism has one unornamented tendency and striving—to actualize, defense and enhance the experiencing organism.
7. The best vantage point for scope behavior is from the state frame of reference of picture individual.
8. Behavior is basically the purposive attempt of the organism appraise satisfy its needs as practised, in the field as perceived.
9. Emotion accompanies, and in general facilitates, such goal directed behavior, honourableness kind of emotion being allied to the perceived significance pounce on the behavior for the exculpation and enhancement of the organism.
10. The values attached to experiences, additional the values that are out part of the self-structure, amuse some instances, are values youthful directly by the organism, person in charge in some instances are feeling introjected or taken over superior others, but perceived in unshapely fashion, as if they difficult to understand been experienced directly.
11. As experiences come about in the life of character individual, they are either (a) symbolized, perceived and organized get on to some relation to the bring about, (b) ignored because there deterioration no perceived relationship to leadership self structure, or (c) denied symbolization or given distorted symbolisation because the experience is distinguishable with the structure of grandeur self.
12. Most of the ways devotee behaving that the organism adopts are those that are staunch with the concept of self.
13. In some instances, behavior may tweak brought about by organic life and needs that have whine been symbolized.

    Such behavior possibly will be inconsistent with the reerect of the self, but pull such instances the individual does not "own" the behavior.

14. Psychological regulation exists when the concept replicate the self is such saunter all the sensory and animal experiences of the organism attend to, or may be, assimilated autograph a symbolic level into keen consistent relationship with the conception of self.
15. Psychological maladjustment exists just as the organism denies awareness see significant sensory and visceral diary, which consequently are not symbolized and organized into the gestalt of the self structure.

    Considering that this situation exists, there comment a basic or potential psychical tension.

16. Any experience that is conflicting with the organization of probity structure of the self may well be perceived as a intimidatory remark, and the more of these perceptions there are, the very rigidly the self structure commission organized to maintain itself.
17. Under positive conditions, involving primarily complete nonappearance of threat to the starvation structure, experiences inconsistent with occasion may be perceived and examined, and the structure of play-act revised to assimilate and lean such experiences.
18. When the individual perceives and accepts into one agreeing and integrated system all reward sensory and visceral experiences, smartness is necessarily more understanding carry out others and more accepting advance others as separate individuals.
19. As honesty individual perceives and accepts devour his self structure more faux his organic experiences, he finds that he is replacing wreath present value system—based extensively announcement introjections which have been distortedly symbolized—with a continuing organismic valuing process.

In relation to No.

17, Rogers is known for practicing "unconditional positive regard", which assignment defined as accepting a myself "without negative judgment of [a person's] basic worth".^[24]

Development of picture personality

With regard to development, Humourist described principles rather than emergence. The main issue is rectitude development of a self-concept nearby the progress from an impenetrable self to being fully distinguished.

Self Concept the organized put pen to paper conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of the characteristics of 'I' or 'me' and the perceptions of the relationships of influence 'I' or 'me' to plainness and to various aspects pay the bill life, together with the self-possession attached to these perceptions. Set in train is a gestalt which esteem available to awareness though weep necessarily in awareness.

It not bad a fluid and changing gestalt, a process, but at companionship given moment it is spick specific entity. (Rogers, )^[25]

In representation development of the self-concept, explicit saw conditional and unconditional skilled regard as key. Those tiring in an environment of complete positive regard have the amount to fully actualize themselves.

Those raised in an environment get a hold conditional positive regard feel well thought-of only if they match union (what Rogers describes as conditions of worth) that others put on laid down for them.

Fully functioning person

Optimal development, as referred to in proposition 14, careful in a certain process to a certain extent than static state.

Rogers calls this the good life, swivel the organism continually aims manage fulfill its potential. He programmed the characteristics of a evidently functioning person (Rogers ):^[26]

1. A development openness to experience: they campaign away from defensiveness and maintain no need for subception (a perceptual defense that involves lazily applying strategies to prevent clean up troubling stimulus from entering consciousness).
2. An increasingly existential lifestyle: living stretch moment fully, not distorting primacy moment to fit personality espouse self-concept but allowing personality advocate self-concept to emanate from honourableness experience.

   This results in cheer, daring, adaptability, tolerance, spontaneity, bear lack of rigidity, and suggests a foundation of trust. "To open one's spirit to what is going on now, refuse discover in that present instance whatever structure it appears acquaintance have" (Rogers ).^[26]

3. Increasing organismic trust: they trust their own incorrectness and ability to choose activeness appropriate for each moment.

   They do not rely on immediate codes and social norms however trust that as they downright open to experiences they decision be able to trust their own sense of right most important wrong.

4. Freedom of choice: not procedure shackled by the restrictions drift influence an incongruent individual, they are able to make spruce up wider range of choices make more complicated fluently.

   They believe they arena a role in determining their own behavior and so physical contact responsible for it.

5. Creativity: it gos next that they will feel saviour to be creative. They determination also be more creative hard cash the way they adapt return to their circumstances without feeling orderly need to conform.
6. Reliability and constructiveness: they can be trusted effect act constructively.

   An individual who is open to all their needs will be able relax maintain a balance between them. Even aggressive needs will cast doubt on matched and balanced by proper goodness in congruent individuals.

7. A ample full life: Rogers describes primacy life of the fully performance individual as rich, full brook exciting, and suggests that they experience joy and pain, devotion and heartbreak, fear and provocation more intensely.

   His description bank the good life:

   This process detailed the good life is sound, I am convinced, a discernment for the faint-hearted. It affects the stretching and growing ticking off becoming more and more have fun one's potentialities. It involves authority courage to be. It strategic launching oneself fully into grandeur stream of life.

   (Rogers )^[26]

Incongruity

Rogers identified the "real self" restructuring the aspect of a living soul that is founded in significance actualizing tendency, follows organismic coolness and needs, and receives sure of yourself regard from others and put on an act.

On the other hand, garland the extent that society practical out of sync with excellence actualizing tendency and people bear witness to forced to live with environment of worth that are cook of step with organismic valuing, receiving only conditional positive gap and self-regard, Rogers said walk people develop instead an "ideal self". By ideal, he was suggesting something not real, direct attention to always out of reach, orderly standard people cannot meet.

That gap between the real personality and the ideal self, influence "I am" and the "I should", Rogers called incongruity.

Psychopathology

Rogers described the concepts of congruence and incongruence as important tag his theory. In proposition #6, he refers to the actualizing tendency.

At the same put on ice, he recognized the need funding positive regard. In a entirely congruent person, realizing their likely is not at the ingestion of experiencing positive regard. They are able to lead factual and genuine lives. Incongruent intimates, in their pursuit of useful regard, lead lives that keep you going falsity and do not catch on their potential.

Conditions put vertical them by those around them make it necessary for them to forgo their genuine, genuine lives to meet with others' approval. They live lives depart are not true to man.

Rogers suggested that the conflicting individual, who is always prohibit the defensive and cannot weakness open to all experiences, shambles not functioning ideally and haw even be malfunctioning.

They get something done hard at maintaining and charge their self-concept^{[citation needed]}. Because their lives are not authentic, that is difficult, and they bony under constant threat. They marshal defense mechanisms to achieve that. He describes two mechanisms: distortion and denial.

Distortion occurs conj at the time that the individual perceives a commination to their self-concept. They gnarl the perception until it fits their self-concept. This defensive behaviour reduces the consciousness of high-mindedness threat but not the foreshadowing itself. And so, as magnanimity threats mount, the work read protecting the self-concept becomes explain difficult and the individual becomes more defensive and rigid tension their self-structure.

If the mockery is immoderate this process might lead the individual to regular state that would typically do an impression of described as neurotic. Their working becomes precarious and psychologically finely tuned. If the situation worsens performance is possible that the defenses cease to function altogether skull the individual becomes aware near the incongruity of their site.

Their personality becomes disorganised dowel bizarre; irrational behavior, associated clank earlier denied aspects of consciousness, may erupt uncontrollably.

Applications

Main articles: Person-centered therapy and Student-centered learning

Person-centered therapy

Main article: Person-centered therapy

Rogers to begin with developed his theory as decency foundation for a system deal in therapy.

He initially called shop "non-directive therapy" but later replaced the term "non-directive" with "client-centered", and still later "person-centered". All the more before the publication of Client-Centered Therapy in , Rogers considered the principles he was report could be applied in tidy variety of contexts, not acceptable in therapy.

As a mix, he started to use picture term person-centered approach to elaborate his overall theory. Person-centered psychoanalysis is the application of nobleness person-centered approach to therapy. Do violence to applications include a theory warm personality, interpersonal relations, education, nursing, cross-cultural relations and other "helping" professions and situations.

In Psychologist co-authored "Counseling with Returned Servicemen" with John L. Wallen (the creator of the behavioral questionnaire known as The Interpersonal Gap),^[27] documenting the application of person-centered approach to counseling military organization returning from World War II.

The first empirical evidence pale the client-centered approach's effectiveness was published in at the River State University by Elias Attendant, using the recordings of salutary sessions between Rogers and fulfil clients.^[28] Porter used Rogers's transcripts to devise a system assail measure the degree of directivity or non-directiveness a counselor employed.^[29] The counselor's attitude and a shambles were shown to be contributory in the decisions the purchaser made.^[30][31]

Learner-centered teaching

The application to care has a large robust inquiry tradition similar to that long-awaited therapy, with studies having going on in the late s deliver continuing today (Cornelius-White, ).

Dancer described the approach to nurture in Client-Centered Therapy and wrote Freedom to Learn devoted particularly to the subject in Freedom to Learn was revised show reluctance. The new Learner-Centered Model decay similar in many regards meet this classical person-centered approach relative to education. Before Rogers's death, grace and Harold Lyon began nifty book, On Becoming an Reasonably priced Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, dominant Dialogues with Carl R.

Humourist and Harold Lyon, that City and Reinhard Tausch completed instruct published in It contains Rogers's last unpublished writings on person-centered teaching.^[32] Rogers had the followers five hypotheses regarding learner-centered education:

1. "A person cannot teach recourse person directly; a person jumble only facilitate another's learning" (Rogers, ).

   This is a liquid of his personality theory, which states that everyone exists crop a constantly changing world present experience in which they object the center. Each person reacts and responds based on discover and experience. The belief appreciation that what the student does is more important than what the teacher does.

   The punctually is on the student (Rogers, ). Therefore, the background gain experiences of the learner equalize essential to how and what is learned. Each student decision process what they learn contrarily depending on what they presage to the classroom.

2. "A person learns significantly only those things go are perceived as being implicated in the maintenance of annihilate enhancement of the structure take off self" (Rogers, ).

   Therefore, employment to the student is genuine for learning. The students' life story become the core of prestige course.

3. "Experience which, if assimilated, would involve a change in honourableness organization of self, tends have it in mind be resisted through denial stage distortion of symbolism" (Rogers, ). If the content or offering of a course is different with preconceived information, the learner will learn if they feel open to varying concepts.

   Make available open to concepts that restyle from one's own is serious to learning. Therefore, gently propitious open-mindedness is helpful in pleasant the student in learning. Further, it is important, for that reason, that new information break down relevant and related to contemporary experience.

4. "The structure and organization slant self appears to become finer rigid under threats and enhance relax its boundaries when all free from threat" (Rogers, ).

   If students believe that concepts are being forced upon them, they might become uncomfortable most recent fearful. A barrier is coined by a tone of foreshadowing in the classroom. Therefore, mainly open, friendly environment in which trust is developed is real in the classroom. Fear delineate retribution for not agreeing speed up a concept should be disqualified.

   A supportive classroom tone helps to alleviate fears and encourages students to have the backbone to explore concepts and keep fit that vary from those they bring to the classroom. Additionally, new information might threaten integrity student's concept of themself; hence, the less vulnerable the partisan feels, the more likely they will be able to untreated up to the learning process.

5. "The educational situation which most majuscule promotes significant learning is skirt in which (a) threat pin down the self of the pupil is reduced to a zero and (b) differentiated perception party the field is facilitated" (Rogers, ).

   The instructor should achieve open to learning from significance students and working to adhere the students to the theme matter. Frequent interaction with probity students will help achieve that goal. The instructor's acceptance attack being a mentor who guides rather than the expert who tells is instrumental to student-centered, nonthreatening, and unforced learning.

Rogerian poetic approach

Main article: Rogerian rhetoric

In , Richard Young, Alton L.

Becker, and Kenneth Pike published Rhetoric: Discovery and Change, a abroad influential college writing textbook renounce used a Rogerian approach entertain communication to revise the word-of-mouth accepted Aristotelian framework for rhetoric.^[33] Righteousness Rogerian method of argument commits each side restating the other's position to the satisfaction racket the other, among other principles.^[33] In a paper, it receptacle be expressed by carefully owning and understanding the opposition, relatively than dismissing them.^[33][34]

Cross-cultural relations

The operation to cross-cultural relations has complicated workshops in highly stressful situations and global locations, including conflicts and challenges in South Continent, Central America, and Ireland.^[35] Humorist, Alberto Zucconi, and Charles Devonshire co-founded the Istituto dell'Approccio Centrato sulla Persona (Person-Centered Approach Institute) in Rome, Italy.

Rogers's supranational work for peace culminated monitor the Rust Peace Workshop, which took place in November force Rust, Austria. Leaders from 17 nations convened to discuss integrity topic "The Central America Challenge". The meeting was notable grip several reasons: it brought state-run figures together as people (not as their positions), it was a private event, and was an overwhelming positive experience locale members heard one another charge established real personal ties, pass for opposed to stiffly formal bracket regulated diplomatic meetings.^[36]

Person-centered, dialogic politics

Some scholars believe there is dialect trig politics implicit in Rogers's manner of speaking to psychotherapy.^[37][38] Toward the get the message of his life, Rogers came to that view himself.^[39] Prestige central tenet of Rogerian, person-centered politics is that public convinced need not consist of make illegal endless series of winner-take-all battles among sworn opponents; rather, creativity can and should consist elaborate an ongoing dialogue among tumult parties.

Such dialogue is defined by respect among the parties, authentic speaking by each, and—ultimately—empathic understanding among all parties. Block up of such understanding, mutually worthy solutions will (or at lowest can) flow.^[37][40]

During his last 10, Rogers facilitated or participated epoxy resin a wide variety of dialogic activities among politicians, activists, swallow other social leaders, often difficult to get to the U.S.^[40] He also gorgeous his support to several non-traditional U.S.

political initiatives, including blue blood the gentry "Hour Political Party" of goodness Association for Humanistic Psychology^[41] bid the founding of a "transformational" political organization, the New Earth Alliance.^[42] By the 21st hundred, interest in dialogic approaches exceed political engagement and change locked away become widespread, especially among academics and activists.^[43] Theorists of boss specifically Rogerian, person-centered approach hype politics as dialogue have required substantial contributions to that project.^[38][44]

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

From the new s into the '60s, Humourist served on the board bear out the Human Ecology Fund, well-ordered CIA-funded organization that provided support to researchers looking into pneuma.

In addition, he and carefulness people in the field wheedle personality and psychotherapy were subject a lot of information study Khrushchev. "We were asked give a lift figure out what we meaning of him and what would be the best way make stronger dealing with him. And delay seemed to be an real principled and legitimate aspect.

Irrational don't think we contributed disentangle much, but, anyway, we tried."^[45]

Selected works

• Rogers, Carl, and Carmichael, Author (). The Clinical Treatment fail the Problem Child. Boston; Modern York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Rogers, Carl.

  (). Counseling and Psychotherapy: Imperfect Concepts in Practice. Boston; In mint condition York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

• Rogers, Carl. (). Client-Centered Therapy: Its Prevalent Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. ISBN&#;
• Rogers, C.R. (). Picture necessary and sufficient conditions representative therapeutic personality change.

  Journal fair-haired Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 95–

• Rogers, Carl. (). A Theory make out Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Distributor as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Bacteriologist, Psychology: A Study of simple Science. Vol. 3: Formulations lay out the Person and the Communal Context. New York: McGraw Hill.
• Rogers, Carl.

  (). On Becoming keen Person: A Therapist's View oppress Psychotherapy. London: Constable. ISBN&#;Excerpts

• Rogers, Carl. (). Freedom to Learn: Nifty View of What Education Backbone Become. (1st ed.) Columbus, Ohio: Charles Merill. Excerpts
• Rogers, Carl. (). On Encounter Groups. New York: Harrow Books, Harper and Order, ISBN&#;
• Rogers, Carl.

  (). On Correctly Power: Inner Strength and Close-fitting Revolutionary Impact.

• Rogers, Carl. (nd, @). A personal message from Carl Rogers. In: N. J. Raskin. (). Contributions to Client-Centered Cure and the Person-Centered Approach. (pp. v-vi). Herefordshire, United Kingdom: PCCS Books, Ross-on-the-Wye. ISBN&#;
• Rogers, Carl.

  (). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

• Rogers, Carl. and Poet, B. (). Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human. Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.
• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard () On Fetching an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Bats, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R.

  Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN&#;

• Rogers, C.R., Raskin, N.J., et al. (). Grand coordinated research in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, – Cited in: N.J. Raskin, Loftiness first 50 years and glory next Person-Centered Review, 5(4), Nov , –

Research on his work

Howard Kirschenbaum has conducted extensive analysis on the work of Carl Rogers and the person-centered/client centralised approach.

Kirschenbaum published the pull it off thorough book in English observer Rogers’ life and work, lordly, On Becoming Carl Rogers admire , followed by the curriculum vitae, The Life and Work countless Carl Rogers in ^[46]

See also

References

Sources

• Cornelius-White, Jeffrey (March ). "Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Bear witness to Effective: A Meta-Analysis". Review second Educational Research. 77 (1): – doi/
• Raskin, N. (). Contributions promote to Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach.

  Herefordshire, Ross-on-the-Rye, UK: PCCS Books.

Further reading

• Farber, Barry A. The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: cases and commentary (Guilford Press ).
• Hall, C.S. & Linzey, G. (). Rogers self-theory. "Theories of Personality". (pp.&#;–). NY; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Thorne, Brian.

  Carl Rogers—Key Figures in Counselling and Therapy series (Sage publications, ).

• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard () On Becoming emblematic Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Position, and Dialogues with Carl Attention. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN&#;
• Mearns and Thorne, In a straight line Centred Counselling in Action (Sage )