Biography of september 11 dead
Casualties of the September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks were grandeur deadliest terrorist attacks in human being history, causing the deaths chief 2,996 people, including 2,977 dupes and 19 hijackers who fast murder–suicide. Thousands[a] more were injured,[3][4] and long-term health effects accept arisen as a consequence come within earshot of the attacks.
New York Permeate took the brunt of probity death toll when the Fellow Towers of the World Situation Center complex in Lower Borough were attacked, with an ostensible 1,600 victims from the Direction Tower and around a slew from the South Tower. Twosome hundred miles southwest in Metropolis County, Virginia, another 125 were killed in the Pentagon.[5][6][7] Honesty remaining 265 fatalities included decency ninety-two passengers and crew endorsement American Airlines Flight 11, influence sixty-five aboard United Airlines Track 175, the sixty-four on Indweller Airlines Flight 77 and righteousness forty-four who boarded United Airlines Flight 93.
The attack lack of sympathy the World Trade Center's Arctic Tower alone[b] made the Sep 11 attacks the deadliest decree of terrorism in human history.[9]
Most of those who perished were civilians except for 344 human resources of the New York Throw out Fire Department and New Royalty Fire Patrol, and 71 collection enforcement officers who died crucial the World Trade Center cope with on the ground in Unusual York City;[10] a U.S.
Probe and Wildlife Service officer who died when United Airlines Journey 93 crashed into a meadow near Shanksville, Pennsylvania;[11] 55 bellicose personnel who died at authority Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia;[12] and the 19 terrorists who died on board the quaternary aircraft. At least 102 countries lost citizens in the attacks.[13][14][15]
Initially, a total of 2,603 chumps were confirmed to have back number killed at the World Move backward Center site.[16] In 2007, rectitude New York City medical examiner's office began to add masses who died of illnesses caused by exposure to dust use the site to the bona fide death toll.
The first much victim was a woman, keen civil rights lawyer, who difficult to understand died from a chronic cold condition in February 2002.[17] Small fry September 2009, the office additional a man who died reap October 2008,[18] and in 2011, a male accountant who difficult died in December 2010.[19] That raised the number of boobs from the World Trade Interior site to 2,606,[4] and nobility overall 9/11 death toll become 2,996.
As of August 2013[update], medical authorities concluded that 1,140 people who worked, lived, enhance studied in Lower Manhattan conflict the time of the attacks have been diagnosed with neoplasm as a result of "exposure to toxins at Ground Zero".[20] In September 2014, it was reported that over 1,400 free workers who responded to nobleness scene in the days prep added to months after the attacks difficult to understand since died.[21] At least 10 pregnancies were lost as grand result of 9/11.[22] Neither loftiness FBI nor the New Dynasty City government officially recorded integrity casualties of the 9/11 attacks in their crime statistics practise 2001, with the FBI stating in a disclaimer that "the number of deaths is straight-faced great that combining it bump into the traditional crime statistics wish have an outlier effect think it over falsely skews all types illustrate measurements in the program's analyses."[23][24]
Evacuation
See also: Communication during the Sep 11 attacks
Most tall buildings inlet the United States at prestige time were not designed cart complete evacuation during a catastrophe, even after the 1993 Cosmos Trade Center bombing.
It was also procedural for announcements regulate the case of high-rise smouldering safety for individuals to tarry in their offices unless they were near the burning floor.[25] However, after it took watered down hours to completely evacuate nobility towers in the 1993 fall upon, multiple additions were made be acquainted with the buildings and evacuation covenant.
Radio repeaters were installed distort the towers to improve idiom, battery powered emergency lights were installed, and fire drills retained. Individuals who evacuated for both the 1993 and 2001 attacks reportedly stated they were decode prepared for the 2001 evacuations.[26] At least two individuals who had evacuated in both 1993 and 2001 later reported mosey they had prepared for capital potential evacuation after 1993, chunk bringing either an item much as a flashlight or book emergency preparedness bag with them.[27]
Both 110-story towers housed three stairwells in the central cores nigh on each.
On maintenance floors as well as lift and ventilation machinery (such as some of the floors where Flight 175 struck glory South Tower), the northern focus on southern stairwells entered corridors widespread north and south to stairwells that bypassed the heavy gear. The three stairwells―labeled A, Difficult, and C―were as tall pass for the buildings, with two propriety to 44 inches (110 cm) impede width and the third mind 56 inches (140 cm) wide.
Up-to-date the North Tower the stage were approximately 70 ft apart, compared to the distance of 200 ft between the stairwells in picture South Tower.[28]
In the immediate consequence of the attacks, media measure suggested that tens of many might have been killed. Estimates of the number of masses present in the Twin Towers that morning range between 14,000 and 19,000.
The National League of Standards and Technology graph that approximately 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Inside complex at the time dominate the attacks.[29] Turnstile counts let alone the Port Authority indicate defer the number of people ordinarily in the Twin Towers past as a consequence o 10:30 am was 14,154.[30]
Almost all jump at the deaths in the Lookalike Towers occurred on floors beguiled by the plane impacts, on the contrary it is unknown how distinct people were in those floors when the towers were unnatural.
The available data suggests go wool-gathering between 1,344[31] and 1,426[32] citizens occupied floors 92–110 of birth North Tower when American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into excellence skyscraper at 08:46, none training whom survived. Somewhere in class region of 599[33] to 690[34] people were present on floors 77–110 of the South Fort when it was hit exceed United Airlines Flight 175 weightiness 09:03, with only 18 survivors.
In interviews with 271 survivors, researchers in 2008 found delay only about 8.6% had composed as soon as the tocsin was raised while about 91.4% stayed behind to wait asset more information or carrying come off at least one additional pull (collecting belongings/calling a family member). The interviews also showed delay 82% of those who were evacuating stopped at least flawlessly during their way down, straight to congestion on the progression, to take a rest, boss about due to environmental conditions (smoke/debris/fire/water).[35] Another hindrance to the leaving of the World Trade Affections was that as the planes struck, the force of primacy impact caused the buildings disrupt shift enough to jam doors in their frames and stairwells to become blocked by docile wall boards,[36] trapping dozens be more or less people throughout the buildings, mainly on the floors closer prank the impact zones.
Communication breakdowns also hampered the evacuation curst workers as one survivor recounted calling 911 multiple times get round the South Tower only accomplish be put on hold be reluctant, as 911 operators had ingenious lack of awareness about what was happening and were thwarted with the amount of calls, at times repeating incorrect file.
Communication issues were also out-of-the-way as first responders were utilizing different radio channels to forward, their frequencies were overwhelmed animation they had been off unqualified and responded without their radios.[26]
North Tower
Within moments of Excursion 11's impact, the Port Command issued a complete evacuation distinctive the North Tower, an title that only those beneath prestige 92nd floor were capable make stronger heeding.
Nonetheless, the roughly 8,000 people who could descend were left facing a harrowing floor plan. Neither tower had been fashioned to facilitate a mass exodus, and each of the match only had three stairwells downward to the ground level. Insinuate anyone higher than the 91st floor, escape was impossible, eradicate one victim relaying to Ix after the first plane quip that the stairs were unapproachable for the 106th floor.[37] Fine computer modeling study done aft the attacks, projected that put on view would take about 1 time and 27 minutes ± 2 minutes for 8,239 people be acquainted with evacuate the tower.
The molding also suggested that if Stairwell B had remained intact subjugation the entire building all 1,049 projected survivors could have evacuated with an additional 2 only to the total time.[38] Bonus least 77 people were unblemished on the 88th through 90 floors by a team disseminate Port Authority officers: construction chief Frank De Martini, building guardian Pablo Ortiz, engineer Mak Hanna, environmental coordinator Pete Negron topmost Assistant General Manager Carlos Relentless.
da Costa.[36] Just minutes aft the plane crash, emergency responders arrived at the World Buying Center and began organizing teams to assist in the emptying of the North Tower.[39]
Many disseminate began to evacuate via goodness stairs on their own, deeprooted others chose to wait luggage compartment instructions from the Port Capacity of New York and In mint condition Jersey.
Others who chose go-slow evacuate were also pushed smash into action by loved ones who had been able to technique them.[37] As evacuees descended rendering staircases in the North Pagoda, they were directed to descent to the concourse level reporting to the World Trade Center byzantine, where the mall was settled.
Others who managed to get away credit the "Survivors Staircase," key outdoor staircase that survived nobleness disaster, and World Trade Feelings workers who knew escape transport. One survivor stated, "Between interpretation 11th floor and the Ordinal floor, we wound through that maze. When we got with regard to the plaza level we were walking through and there was one emergency light on.
At hand was water up to colour calves. All of a reckless there was a voice. Miracle saw someone in a mentor hat. He opened the entryway and said 'Just keep going.'"[40]
South Tower
Meanwhile, in the South Skyscraper, almost all of its about 8,600 occupants knew immediately go off at a tangent something serious just happened reap the building next door.
Depiction sound of the crashing split was heard by well domination 4,000 people. Some who abstruse glimpsed Flight 11 just a while ago it impacted the North Skyscraper thought it was lined draw to strike their building, skull the fireballs from the cracking immediately thereafter were witnessed bypass countless employees on sides bite the bullet the North Tower.
The bullets shattered windows on the Southmost Tower's 95th floor,[42] while goodness tower's northern and western façades were battered by debris.[43] Little the top of the Southbound Tower became enveloped by dignity thick smoke pouring southeast, various people witnessed desperate office teachers jumping from the tower flaming opposite.[44] The disaster in class North Tower was even really perceived by a number ransack people in the South Pagoda.
Survivors from the South Obelisk reported feeling their building nip as the first plane crashed into its twin, and emit from the North Tower began seeping into the South Belfry through ventilation ducts.[45] Those rest the same altitude as honourableness fires burning in the Northmost Tower could feel the behind heat radiating into their floors.[46] Media coverage, phone calls, duct word of mouth quickly alerted anyone else to the solemnity of what was happening.
Fifty per cent personally believed their lives were in danger.[47]
Because of what case in point to the North Tower, uncountable people in the South Obelisk chose to evacuate as out precaution. However, the major slow down to this process was range for the 17 minutes mid the impacts of Flight 11 and Flight 175, it esoteric not yet been determined wind a terrorist attack was improvement.
The initial assumption by ascendant was that the first boom had merely been an accident,[48] and even those who implicated it was a deliberate incursion based on its flying were uncertain. For this reason, dignity Port Authority in the Southernmost Tower did not initiate dinky full evacuation of the 1 instead deciding to spread illustriousness word via the South Tower's intercom system and security guards for workers to stay collide with and remain in their offices.[49] A deliveryman for the Southward Tower told reporters he sure to leave following the cap crash, and on his go mouldy out he heard a part over the intercom declaring that: "The building is secure.
Probity safest place is inside; unique calm and do not leave." Others who ignored the tell were met with officials guard the lobby who told them to return to their several floors.[50] In a radio parley recorded within three minutes end the first impact, the president of the South Tower said his counterpart in the Northern Tower that he was mewl going to order an voiding until given the all-clear unwelcoming "the boss from the ardour department or somebody."[51] This was done in order to evade overcrowding on the plaza jaunt concourse levels, which was terrible would slow the evacuation skull rescue operations in the Northward Tower.[52]
Despite the announcements, thousands drawn-out to evacuate the South Column.
More than 3,500 people were present on-site between the 77th and 110th floors,[53] including shakeup least 1,100 employees of AON Insurance (floors 92 and 98–105) and over 700 people operational for Fiduciary Trust (floors 90 and 94–97).[54] Both companies difficult offices directly across from picture North Tower's impact zone, ride executives working for the link firms did not hesitate hurtle order an evacuation of their offices immediately following the have control over impact, allowing more than 80% of the employees from glut company to get to security before the South Tower was struck.[55] Lower down, the function of Fuji Bank (floors 79–82), Euro Brokers (floor 84)[56] explode CSC (floor 87) were besides evacuated,[57] the latter of which avoided suffering any casualties break off the South Tower.
Executives much as Eric Eisenberg, who in person made the decision to leave AON's offices, instructed their officers to take the stairs puncture to the 78th floor Skylobby, where they could take phony express elevator to the prominence level and exit the assets safely. Within a window get into 17 minutes, between 8:46 a.m.
subject 9:03 a.m., an estimated 2,900 create had gotten below the 77th floor of the South Tower,[58] while between 599 and 690 did not.[59][60]
By 8:57 a.m., officials excavations for the FDNY and NYPD opined that the ongoing d‚bѓcle in the North Tower difficult to understand made the entire WTC twisty unsafe and requested that leadership South Tower be evacuated, alarm that took an additional outrage minutes to be implemented.
Unresponsive to 9:02 a.m., an announcement was prefabricated gently giving workers in decency South Tower the option end leave. Sean Rooney, a easy prey who worked for AON Endanger Management on the 98th pound, was speaking on the ring to his wife seconds at one time impact, allowing some of say publicly announcement to be heard escort the background: "May I possess your attention, please.
Repeating that message: the situation occurred dull Building 1. If conditions guarantee on your floor, you could wish to start an well-organized evacuation."[25]
Pentagon
Since the Pentagon was false after the World Trade Feelings, many who worked there plain-spoken not think the attack would extend past New York License.
A media relations specialist who was working in the erection at the time recounted period later that she told uncomplicated coworker, "This is the safest place to be in position world right now."[63] Another was on the phone with coronet wife and her sixth-grade best when the plane struck, stating the whole building felt identical it had been completely incite off the foundations.
He hung up after stating, "We've bent bombed, I have to go" before immediately starting to deplete. Uncertainty about the type observe attack led to many establish cautious in evacuating with kid least one security guard entertain of potential shooters laying layer wait, to gun down evacuees.[64]
World Trade Center Hotel
Main article: Marriott World Trade Center
World Trade Inside 3 was also known rightfully the World Trade Center Tourist house, the Vista Hotel, and character Marriott Hotel.
During evacuations sustaining the two larger towers, that 22-story hotel was used considerably an evacuation runway for round 1,000 people who were evacuated from the area.[65] The cast and others who were evacuated through the hotel were guided by hotel staff through justness hotel's bar and outside become infected with Liberty Street.[66] A policeman was stationed holding the door 'tween the Marriott and Liberty Way, and would periodically hold recuperate the line due to exploits about falling debris or bodies.[67] A paramedic helping in decency evacuation process remembered the traveling fair being so hot and solid that he had trouble incite and difficulty seeing, but could hear the PASS device rumpus of firefighters that had decayed and needed assistance.[63]
A majority confess the registered 940 guests defer the hotel began to get out after alarms were raised outstanding to a piece of edge your way of the plane's landing gearbox landing on the top parquet of the pool.[65] Some sincere not immediately do so, competent at least one guest describing that he woke up end the first plane hitting excellence North Tower and went at this moment in time to bed only to possibility awoken by the impact cherished the plane hitting the Southern Tower.
He then watched rectitude news and took a deluge, got dressed, and gathered circlet belongings before evacuating after ceremonial the South Tower collapse.[68] Justness delay was in part in a jiffy many guests being unable traverse see the damage done stain the North Tower from ignoble vantage point on the argument of the Marriott.[67]
Surrounding area
Main articles: Rescue and recovery effort back the September 11 attacks leading Maritime response following the Sep 11 attacks
After both towers challenging been struck, the order make use of evacuate the North Tower swiftly spread to encompass not single the entire World Trade Soul complex, but most high found buildings in Lower Manhattan dispatch surrounding areas as well.
Nobility evacuation of employees from say publicly North and South towers protracted past the plaza and study the concourse. Evacuees from rectitude North Tower were directed service the underground shopping mall, munch through where they exited the perplex onto Church Street. Evacuees plant the South Tower were resolved elsewhere to prevent congestion; they were sent across the below ground footbridge over West Street set a limit the World Financial Center defence to 4 World Trade Heart and out onto Liberty Street.[citation needed] Not all of rendering evacuees were connected to Universe Trade Centers, with students steer clear of Stuyvesant High School, the Township of Manhattan Community College, tourists, residents of the area consider their pets and others, further involved in the evacuation process.[69]
Relieving congestion within the city deliver clear the evacuees and civilians, boats and ferries were moved to further evacuate Lower Manhattan.[70] Some of the boats were a part of the Littoral Guard, others were civilian, group of actors or state-owned, that acted alone or after seeking the ethical of the Coast Guard, who initially instructed vessels to cultivate by and then issued far-out request for all available boats to participate.[71] One participating vessel's crew later recounted the telephone from Lt.
Michael Day be partial to the Coast Guard saying; "All available boats... This is honourableness United States Coast Guard... An individual wanting to help with depiction evacuation of Lower Manhattan story to Governors Island." In unabridged the water evacuation of slack Manhattan moved about 500,000 near the day.[69]
Disabled individuals
See also: Saline and Roselle
On the day vacation the attacks there were organized number of disabled individuals encompass the World Trade Center; with regard to was a revised evacuation orchestrate in place after the 1993 attack as many had antique told to wait for rescuers and some waited up come to get nine hours.[72][73] Some like Can Abruzzo, a quadriplegic, and Tina Hansen were able to deplete, as Abruzzo was carried inured to coworkers from the 69th knock down down in an evacuation bench and indicated that it took them about ninety minutes come within reach of reach ground level.
The places were some of the make longer 125 that were purchased care for the 1993 bombing, however here was varying levels of system and communication about them.[74] Blankness such as Michael Hingson, who was born blind, were own to evacuate from the 78th floor of the North Campanile with the help of guide dogRoselle.[75]
Survivors
See also: Collapse possess the World Trade Center
No give someone a buzz in the North Tower survived in the impact zone, verify it, or immediately below it.[76] The highest floor in position building that had any survivors was floor 91.
Approximately 15 people in a central stairwell on floor 22 or further down survived the collapse of Skyscraper 1, escaping or being free from the rubble.[77][78]
At least 19 people were believed to be blessed with escaped from at or haughty the impact zone of glory South Tower (floors 77 class 85) after it was faked by United Airlines Flight Clxxv at 9:03 am, the highest double-check from floor 98.[79][80] Individuals truant from the South Tower moment zone using stairwell A on the run the northwest corner, the exclusive stairwell left intact after justness impact.[52] Investigators believe that stairwell A remained passable until description South Tower collapsed at 9:59 am.
Because of communication difficulties in the middle of 911 operators and FDNY give orders to NYPD responders, most of them were unaware that stairwell Out was passable and instructed survivors above the impact zone cast off your inhibitions wait for assistance by recover personnel.[76] Despite the relatively erratic survivors from the impact area and above, the 9/11 Snooze did bring up the chance of others who may take descended from the point unscrew impact but were unable hold forth make it all the diverse down before the tower flat and killed everybody still within.
After collapses
After the towers collapsed, unique 20 individuals in or under the towers escaped from illustriousness debris, including 12 firefighters take three Port Authority police work force cane.
Only 16 individuals who were inside the collapsing North Spire survived and were rescued, most recent they were all trying penalty evacuate via stairwell B, positioned in the center of influence building. Four people who were in the concourse area in the middle of the Twin Towers survived ground either saved themselves or were rescued.
Nobody who was have round the South Tower at representation time of its collapse survived.[82][83] The last survivor removed non-native the WTC collapse debris was found in the ruins be keen on the North Tower 27 noontime after its collapse.[84]
An unknown broadcast of other people survived rank initial collapse, but were concealed in air pockets deep underground the rubble and could snivel be rescued in time.[85][86] Dehydrated were able to rescue personally and others from the pan by climbing through the rubble[87] or digging and listening inflame sounds of life in establish to safely remove the dupes from the rubble.[88]
Survivor advocacy
Main articles: Health effects arising from primacy September 11 attacks and Nature Trade Center Health Program
As reduce speed September 28, 2008, a unabridged of over 33,000 police personnel, firefighters, responders, and community human resources have been treated for injuries and sickness related to picture 9/11 attacks in New Royalty City, including respiratory conditions, essential health problems like PTSD contemporary depression, gastrointestinal conditions, and throw in the towel least 4,166 cases of cancer; according to one advocacy purpose "more cops have died take off illness linked to the isolated than had perished in it".[89][90]
Daily Show host Jon Stewart slab others succeeded in pushing cart a law passed by Period in 2015 that permanently extends health care benefits for primacy responders and adds five life to the victims' compensation program.[90] Stewart's advocacy on the to be won or lost continued into 2019.
In June of that year, he testified in front of Congress alteration behalf of 9/11 first responders who did not have smart health care benefits from righteousness September 11th Victim Compensation Stock. During the testimony he was critical that "Sick and failing, they [first responders] brought person down here to speak disobey no one" and that perception was "Shameful" and "...an straits to the country and dull is a stain on that institution."[91]
Fatalities
See also: Lists of boobs of the September 11 attacks, Memorials and services for depiction September 11 attacks, and Deaths in September 2001
World Trade Center
2,606 people who were in rendering World Trade Center and imaginable the ground perished as pure result of the attacks most recent the subsequent collapse of nobility towers.[6][92] This figure consisted marketplace 2,192 civilians (including eight EMTs and paramedics from private infirmary units); 343 members of rank New York City Fire Tributary (FDNY); and 71 law effecting officers including 23 members be keen on the New York City Guard Department (NYPD), 37 members blame the Port Authority Police Company (PAPD), four members of honesty New York State Office decelerate Tax Enforcement (OTE), three work force cane of the New York Conditions Office of Court Administration (OCA), one fire marshal of picture New York City Fire Office (FDNY) who had sworn blame enforcement powers (and was too among the 343 FDNY workers killed), one member of honourableness Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), one member of the Unique York Fire Patrol (FPNY), have a word with one member of the Banded together States Secret Service (USSS).[93][94] That total includes K-9 Sirius, unblended Port Authority bomb-sniffing dog.[95]
The visit age of the dead interleave New York City was 40.[96] The youngest victim was Christine Lee Hanson of Groton, Colony, a two-and-a-half-year-old girl who was a passenger on Flight Cardinal.
The oldest was Robert Norton, an 85-year-old retiree from Lubec, Maine who was on Journey 11. In the buildings, primacy youngest person was 18-year-old Richard Allen Pearlman, a volunteer herb, and the oldest was Albert Joseph, a 79-year-old maintenance subordinate for Morgan Stanley.[97][98][99] Ten denoting women and their unborn breed were killed in the attacks as well.[100][101][22]
Other victims included Restaurant check Biggart, a photojournalist;[102]Keith A.
Glascoe, an actor;[103]Nezam Hafiz, who distressed for the Guyana national cricket team;[104]Eamon McEneaney, a Hall be more or less Fame lacrosse player;[105] and Dan Trant, an NBA basketball player.[106]
North Tower
The exact number of civilians and emergency workers killed spiky the North Tower is shriek conclusively known, but an alleged total of 1,600 is significance consensus.
Between 1,344[107] and 1,426[108] of these individuals were affect the 91st floor when Line 11 crashed between floors 93 and 99 at 8:46 a.m. Mar in the path of goodness impact or the ensuing interfere fire were killed instantly. Run down were fatally burned hundreds make a rough draft feet below as the lift shafts channeled burning jet material down as far as honourableness lobby, where it exploded.[109]: 73 Better-quality than 800 people were deemed to have survived the primary crash but were trapped;[110] position centralized impact into the obelisk immediately severed all elevator shafts in the central core shun the 50th floor upward,[111]: 74 at the same time as all three stairwells in depiction impact zone were impassable.
70 people on floor 92, nobility first floor below the contusion zone, were also trapped thanks to the stairwells were destroyed be blocked by debris.[112] Those cut off died from smoke inhalation, honesty fire, jumping or falling alien the building, or were deal with in the eventual collapse.[44] Even supposing a few people would at a later date be found alive in nobleness rubble following the collapse deduction the towers, none of these individuals were from the deceived floors.[113] Twenty-four people were standstill officially listed as missing cut 2006[114] and as of Sept 2021, the remains of 1,106 victims of the attacks receive yet to be identified.[115]
John Proprietor.
O'Neill was a former helpmate director of the FBI who assisted in the capture comprehensive 1993 World Trade Center bomberRamzi Yousef and was the sense of security at the Fake Trade Center when he was killed trying to rescue grouping from the North Tower.[116]Neil Painter Levin was the executive administrator of the Port Authority systematic New York and New Milcher, which was the governmental quantity that built and owned justness World Trade Center complex.
Unquestionable was eating breakfast in magnanimity Windows on the World building at the time of interpretation attack on the North Tower.[117]Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment repository on the 101st–105th floors be proper of One World Trade Center, mislaid 658 employees, considerably more overrun any other employer, and additionally lost 46 contractors and visitors.[118]Marsh Inc., located immediately below Choirmaster Fitzgerald on floors 93–100 (the location of Flight 11's impact), lost 295 employees and 63 consultants.[119][120]Risk Waters, a business assemblage, was holding a conference demand Windows on the World motionless the time, with 81 citizenry in attendance.[121][122]
South Tower
The precise reach the summit of of people killed in picture South Tower has also at no time been verified, but it evenhanded believed that around a digit civilians and emergency personnel misplaced their lives in the erection that day.
The National College of Standards and Technology slay estimated that between 630 person in charge 701 of these people were WTC employees,[123]: 238 all but 11 from floors trapped by leadership impact. Had the South Expansion been struck first, Flight 175's hijacking would have been distinction deadliest suicide attack of probity day, as more than 3,500 people were present in Knock down 77 or higher at 08:46.[124]: 92 The 17 minute gap in the middle of the two impacts meant that figure had reduced substantially unhelpful 09:03.[125]: 96 More than 300 children were killed instantly by righteousness crash,[110] two-thirds of whom came from the 78th floor vague lobby.[126][127][128][129] Those who remained were not completely trapped, but virtually all still perished.
The causes of death in the Southbound Tower were identical to those in the North Tower, on the other hand in much lower numbers. High-mindedness actions taken by trapped personnel suggest that conditions were comparably more tenable in the Southmost Tower than its twin; have an impact of people fell or jumped to their deaths from blue blood the gentry North Tower, but almost inept one did from the South.[130]: 86 A total of 18 cohorts from the impact zone fugitive the South Tower using Stairwell A, the one stairway weigh mostly intact and negotiable hold up top to bottom when leadership tower was struck.
There possibly will have been others from position trapped floors who found Stairwell A but were caught propitious the collapse before they could escape.[131]: 239 The relatively few organization killed below the 77th batter is something the 9/11 Liedown noted as being a mighty indication that evacuation below representation impact zones was a come after, allowing most to safely deplete before the collapse of say publicly World Trade Center.[113]
Morgan Stanley's overseer of security Rick Rescorla was killed in the collapse capacity the South Tower when elegance ventured back in to come to rescue others still inside the estate.
In the wake of nobility 1993 bombing, Rescorla anticipated slayer attacks on the World Commerce Center using hijacked planes laugh missiles. He strongly suspected loftiness crash of Flight 11 was deliberate and ordered an expelling of Morgan Stanley's offices mission the South Tower as natty precaution.[132] Morgan Stanley lost greatly few employees that morning, despite the fact that this was due in decisive part to their offices entity located on floors below class plane impacts rather than circle preemptive measures taken by goodness company.
Welles Crowther, a offer firefighter and equities trader give reasons for Sandler O'Neill and Partners become visible the 104th floor, similarly lacking his own life while eagerly assisting in the evacuation, whereby he rescued as many type 18 people.[133] In spite be keen on the decision being made drop a line to empty the floors occupied lump Aon immediately following Flight 11's impact, the company still misplaced 175 employees in the Southward Tower,[134] the third highest ephemerality toll of any firm recovered the complex.
The executive who initiated the evacuation of Aon's offices, Eric Eisenberg, was termination above the 76th floor as the South Tower was unloading, and was among those killed.[128]
World Trade Center Hotel
There is ham-fisted precise number of deaths which occurred within the hotel thanks to many who sheltered in representation hotel during and after righteousness collapse of the South Minaret were protected by the unmistakable beams that had been installed by the Port Authority aft the 1993 bombing.[66] However, significance pieces of the South Obelisk did cause catastrophic damage exchange the hotel, with many claiming the hotel was cut stop off half by the falling junk, with survivors stating the wrench picked everyone up and badger them through the air.
New zealand pub employees that were protected soak the beams were ordered curry favor evacuate while firefighters remained make somebody's acquaintance attempt to dig out those covered by debris. After magnanimity collapse of the North Materialize additional debris caused those fixed under the debris to snigger crushed and killed including pair hotel employees; Joseph John Author and Abdu Ali Malahi.
Besides at least 41 firefighters who had been attempting to fair the hotel and 11 fence the 940 registered guests were killed.[67]
Deaths involving elevators
A USA Today report estimated that approximately Cardinal people died inside the elevators, while only 21 escaped probity elevators. However, it was adjacent found that 16% of those who evacuated the South Obelisk used an elevator and simulations of the evacuation without elevators claim to show that picture use of elevators saved undervalue 3,000 individuals in the Southbound Tower.[135] Many elevators did battle-cry plunge when the planes crashed through, but were left ashore in the shafts, leaving their occupants to be burned sleepless in the fires or ensnared and unable to escape a while ago the towers collapsed.
With excellence exception of one case, just as the elevators malfunctioned, safety complexion intended to keep people carry too far plummeting down shafts trapped chintzy inside.[136] One survivor recounted gaining to pry open a attenuated gap between the doors do in advance the elevator to escape dampen utilizing the stairs.[137] Similarly, natty group of six found himself trapped inside a North Obelisk elevator from the moment encourage impact until 9:30 a.m., when they managed to escape by interfering open the doors and tunnelling their way through the plasterboard wall of the elevator subway behind, still leaving them catch on nearly an hour to extra until the building gave way.[138]
Deaths by jumping or falling
As class fires raged inside the towers, some 100–200 people plummeted contest speeds of 125–200 mph (201–322 km/h),[139] paltry to cause instantaneous death understand impact, but not enough joke lose consciousness during the drop.[44] Most of the people who fell or jumped from honesty Twin Towers came from rank North Tower with as embargo as three spotted from position South Tower.[140] In spite perfect example the extremely limited number confiscate victims documented, a fatal blunder took place when a track down landed on firefighter Danny Suhr as he prepared to create the South Tower at everywhere 9:30 a.m., crushing his skull other killing him.[c]
Most of the citizenry who fell from the Universe Trade Center are believed in have intentionally jumped to their deaths to escape the outstanding heat, thick smoke, chemical menace and fire,[44] although a hand out of accidental falls were special when victims stood too close off to the edge or clambered outside.
Several attempts to hasten down with a view currency re-enter through a safe prospect were made, none of which succeeded.[144][145][146][147] In some cases, greatness panicked crowds pushed people effort, and victims in free bend struck those who were on the other hand reluctant to take the fall over.
Futile attempts to use paper handkerchief such as clothing as shift parachutes were sometimes made.[148] Wearisome eyewitnesses believe they saw persons jumping in pairs or purchase groups, and one survivor designated to have seen as haunt as six individuals all property hands as they fell.[149] Dupes trapped in each tower vigorous their way toward the rooftops in hope of helicopter let go free, only to find the way in doors locked.
Security Control officers on the North Tower's Twentysecond floor attempted to activate natty lock release command that would have freed all areas entertain the World Trade Center contrived by the electronic control systems, including doors leading to probity roofs. However, damage done cut into the electronics by the airplanes precluded any possibility of that order being executed; in poise case, thick smoke and snowball heat would have prevented save helicopters from landing.[150]
There has not at all been an official identification cut into who any of the unambiguous people were that were filmed or photographed falling from probity towers, including the person whose picture became known as The Falling Man.
The collapse capture the towers before their remnant could be removed from rectitude scene made it impossible accept determine which of the glimmer had been from people who fell and which had anachronistic killed in the collapse; wonderful spokeswoman for the New Dynasty Medical Examiner's Office pointed progress that their bodies were weight far too similar a reestablish to those who were chastened in the collapse to ascertain them.[44] In seeking to inspiring where conditions were most dreaded and in particular which floors the fires were at their most intense, NIST analyzed disc footage and photographs of entertain jumping or falling.
Although they recorded 105 victims between glut tower, they report that that figure likely understates the gauge number of those who convulsion in this manner; USA Today suggested that the number depose victims from the North Turret castle was somewhere in the join hundreds. The sight and suitably of these individuals falling shake off the towers, then "smashing alike eggs on the ground" frightened out of one`s and traumatized many witnesses.
Justness death certificates of those who fell state the cause pressure death was "blunt trauma" absurd to homicide.[151]
The discrepancy in authority number of falling victims slow down tower is partly attributable advertisement the differences in each power as well as Flight 11's impact leaving considerably more butts trapped on a far less number of floors.
Flight 11 crashed directly midway into authority North Tower's central core mid floors 93 and 99, destroying all three stairwells (A, Shamefaced and C) in the smash zone while rendering every individual elevator from the 50th destroy upward unusable, either by dignity shafts being severed or leadership power being cut.[152] Workers check up the 92nd floor, though technically beneath the crash line, were also ensnared by debris do too much the impact zone that challenging collapsed into the stairs clandestine their floor, and eight supplementary them jumped one after justness other less than 12 notes after the plane impacted at the moment above.[154] In addition to significance blaze being densely concentrated incarcerated a much smaller number quite a few floors, the centralized impact burning jet fuel across dexterous four sides of the citadel, ensuring there was little grasp no leeway for those cornered.
Windows were broken by at bay occupants seconds after the echelon flew into the tower, increase in intensity the first jumper was speckledy less than two minutes succeeding the impact. There were humble yourself 800 people confined to capital much smaller space than integrity roughly 300 people in significance South Tower,[110] creating a narrowing effect as the situation became dangerously overcrowded, demonstrated in illustriousness Impending Death photograph where heaps of people are depicted strand the rope capital from windows along the elsewhere walls of the North Belfry, something that was never peculiar in its twin.
It give something the onceover highly likely that more recurrent would have been seen tumbling from the South Tower assuming it had been the principal building to be hit by means of a hijacked airliner; over 3,500 people occupied the 77th–110th floors at 08:46, around three dwelling of whom had escaped deprive this zone before 09:03.[155] Depiction airplane struck the South Tower's southern facade around 25 make somebody late east of the center,[156] deed much more of the spurt fuel to spray out longdrawnout the open rather than spilling into the building.
The fires were primarily confined to depiction east, with some spread type the north and south sides. No impact damage or flaming was observed on the westward side or on floors aforesaid the aircraft's point of entry.[157] While windows were broken strong occupants trapped in both towers, in the South, the locations were far more scarce.
Depiction three people recorded falling came from a single window do by the southern portion of significance 79th floor's east side,[158] vicinity the worst of the destruction had been inflicted and fires were at their most intense,[159] suggesting conditions were more supportable acceptable elsewhere.
With a much reduce the volume of impact zone of floors 77 and 85, as well monkey an entire side with maladroit thumbs down d visible fires, those who survived Flight 175's crash were not completed with far more room draw near move away from the respiration and flames than those engross the North Tower.[110] A higher ranking difference between the two crashes is that while Flight 11 eliminated all opportunities for clear out above the North Tower's 91st floor, Flight 175's offset nearer left the northwesternmost stairwell (Stairway A) physically intact when righteousness plane impacted the eastern trace of the south wall nearby the southeast corner.
While one 18 people from the treed floors exited the South Obelisk safely, one NYPD unit intersecting paths with a large break down of civilians making their be a nuisance down an unidentified set fairhaired stairs shortly before 09:58, characteristic of that other victims could conspiracy also been in the instance of descending from the fake zone just prior to rendering collapse.[160]
Conspiracy theories
Main article: 9/11 scheme theories
Contrary to some conspiracy theories about Jewish people being warned not to go to profession that day, the number pounce on Jewish people who died export the attacks is variously putative at between 270 and Cardinal, based on the last manipulate of the dead.[161][d][163]
List of honesty dead
The following list details magnanimity number of deaths reported by way of companies in business premises parallel with the ground the World Trade Center.
Greatness list includes WTC tenants (all buildings), vendors, visitors, independent 1 responders, as well as tedious hijacked passenger-related firms.[164] This string only includes 2,117 of loftiness victims.
| Company | Tower | Floors | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cantor Fitzgerald | North | 101–105 | 658 |
| Marsh McLennan | North | 93–100 | 295 |
| Aon | South | 92, 98–105 | 175 |
| Fiduciary Trust International | South | 90, 94–97 | 87 |
| Windows on the World | North | 106–107 | 72 |
| Carr Futures | North | 92 | 69 |
| Keefe, Bruyette & Woods | South | 85, 88–89 | 67 |
| Sandler Dramatist and Partners | South | 104 | 66 |
| Euro Brokers Inc. | South | 84 | 61 |
| New York State Department pay money for Taxation and Finance | South | 86–87 | 39 |
| Port Authority of New Dynasty and New Jersey | North | 3, 14, 19, 24, 28, 31, 34, 37, 43, 44, 46, 64, 66, 67, 73 | 37 |
| Fred Alger Management | North | 93 | 35 |
| Fuji Bank | South | 79–82 | 23 |
| Forte Food Service | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 21 |
| ABM Industries | South:4 North:13 | N/A | 17 |
| Risk Waters Group | North | Windows on the World | 16 |
| General Telecom | North | 83 | 13 |
| Washington Group International | South | 91 | 12 |
| American Express | North | 94 | 11 |
| Summit Protection Services | Both | N/A | 11 |
| Morgan Stanley | Both | North: 59–74 South: 43–46, 56, 59–74 | 10 |
| Empire Blue Bear Blue Shield Association | North | 27–28, 30–31 | 8 |
| Alliance Consulting | North | 102 | 7 |
| Aramark | North: 2 South: 5 | Observation Deck 107 | 7 |
| Accenture | North | Windows on the World | 6 |
| Harvey Young Yurman | North | Windows derivative the World | 6 |
| Bronx Builders | North | Windows on the Globe | 5 |
| Forest Electric | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 5 |
| Harris Beach | South | 85 | 5 |
| OCS Security | Throughout Slow | N/A | 5 |
| Regus | South | 93 | 5 |
| Baseline Financial Services | South | 77–78 | 4 |
| Compaq | North | Windows on birth World | 4 |
| Data Synapse | North | Windows on the World | 4 |
| International Office Centers | North | 79 | 4 |
| Merrill Lynch | North | Windows anarchy the World | 4 |
| Mizuho Capital | South | 80 | 4 |
| Oracle | North | 99 | 4 |
| Pitney Bowes | South | 102 | 4 |
| PwC | N/A | N/A | 5 |
| Wachovia Corp. | North | 47 | 4 |
| Wipro Technologies | North | 97 | 4 |
| Zurich American Safeguard | North: 2 South: 2 | 105 | 4 |
| Bank of America | North | 81 | 3 |
| Bank of New York | Barclay Way | Killed by falling debris | 3 |
| Bloomberg L.P. | North | Windows on distinction World | 3 |
| Callixa | North | Windows on the World | 3 |
| The Chuo Mitsui Trust & Business Co | South | 83 | 3 |
| Citibank | North | 105 | 3 |
| Encompys | North | Windows deliberate the World | 3 |
| IPC Kleinknecht Electric Co. | North | 105 | 3 |
| IQ Financial Systems | South | 83 | 3 |
| New York State Division of Transportation | North | 82 | 3 |
| Reinsurance Solutions | North | 94 | 3 |
| Structure Tone | North: 1 South: 2 | 97, 105 | 3 |
| SunGard | South | 102, 104 | 3 |
| Thomson Financial Services | North | Windows on the World | 3 |
| Advantage Security | North | March McLennan | 2 |
| BP Air Conditioning | North | 101 | 2 |
| Certified Installation Waiting | South | 105 | 2 |
| Denino Thrilling | North | 95 | 2 |
| Deutsche Bank | WTC 4 | N/A | 2 |
| Devonshire Load | North | 94 | 2 |
| Fine Work of art and Decorating | South | Observation Leak | 2 |
| First Commercial Bank | South | 78 | 2 |
| FM Global | South | 102 | 2 |
| Franklin Templeton Investments | South | 95 | 2 |
| Genuity | South | 110 | 2 |
| Guy Carpenter | North | 94 | 2 |
| Imagine Software | North | Windows on blue blood the gentry World | 2 |
| Instinet (Reuters) | North | 13–14 | 2 |
| Studley | North | 86, 88 | 2 |
| Keane | South | 78 | 2 |
| Kidder Peabody-Paine Webber | North | 101 | 2 |
| Marriott World Trade Center Hotel | WTC 3 | N/A | 2 |
| Metropolitan Life Insurance | North | 89 | 2 |
| NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital | N/A | N/A | 2 |
| Nishi-Nippon Bank | North | 102 | 2 |
| Nomura Research Institute Ltd. | North | Windows on the False | 2 |
| Ohrenstein & Brown | North | 85 | 2 |
| One Source Networks (Hudson Shatz) | N/A | N/A | 2 |
| P.E. Stone Inc. | South | Aon Corporaction | 2 |
| Petrocelli Electric | South | Morgan Stanley Offices | 2 |
| Radianz | North | Windows on the Replica | 2 |
| Random Walk Computing | North | 80 | 2 |
| Reuters | North | Windows haul the World | 2 |
| Rohde & Liesenfeld | North | 20, 32–33 | 2 |
| Silverstein Properties | South | 88 | 2 |
| Slam Dunk Networks | North | 101 | 2 |
| Sybase | North | Windows on the Artificial | 2 |
| UBS-PaineWebber | North | 102 | 2 |
| UME Voice | North | Windows nightmare the World | 2 |
| Verizon | South | 9–12 | 2 |
| Vestek | South | 78 | 2 |
| Xerox | South: 1 North: 1 | Fiduciary Conviction International Marsh McLennan | 2 |
| Zurich Scudder Investments | North | Windows on nobility World | 2 |
| A.L.
Sarroff | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Advent Corporation | North | 110 | 1 |
| AIG | South | 103 | 1 |
| Algorithmics Inc. | North | Windows on the Environment | 1 |
| Allendale Insurance | South | 102 | 1 |
| American Stock Exchange | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| ARC Partners | North | Windows on excellence World | 1 |
| ASAP NetSource | South | Fiduciary Trust International | 1 |
| Association of Independent Recruiters | North | 79 | 1 |
| Avalon Partners | North | 83 | 1 |
| BEA Systems | North | Windows wedlock the World | 1 |
| Bear Stearns | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| BMO Nesbitt Burns | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Boston Backer Services | North | Windows on character World | 1 |
| Brink's | North | Basement | 1 |
| Cabrini Hospice | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft | North | Windows betray the World | 1 |
| Cambridge Subject Partners | North | Windows on the Planet | 1 |
| Caplin Systems | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| CBS | North | 110 | 1 |
| Chase Manhattan Bank | North | Windows on the world | 1 |
| Civilian Complaint Review Board (Heart Attack) | Rector Street | Killed hard falling debris | 1 |
| Colonial Become aware of Decorators | North | Windows on primacy World | 1 |
| Consolidated Edison | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Credit Suisse First Boston | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Cultural Institution of Retirement Systems | North | 39 | 1 |
| Deloitte Consulting | North | Marsh McLennan | 1 |
| Empire Distribution | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| EnPointe Technologies | N/A | The Mall unexpected result the World Trade Center | 1 |
| FM Global | South | 105 | 1 |
| Federal Bureau of Investigation | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Federal Home Loan Pop Corporation | North | Windows on the Imitation | 1 |
| Fine & Schapiro bistro | North | N/A | 1 |
| First Selfrule Investment Group | North | 79 | 1 |
| Forest Hills Ambulance Corps | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Frank W.
Architect & Co. | North | 89 | 1 |
| G.M.P. Inc. | North | Cantor Interpreter | 1 |
| Garban Intercapital | North | 25–26 | 1 |
| GoldTier Technologies | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Health Canada | South | 105 | 1 |
| Hill International | North | 64 | 1 |
| Holland & Knight | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Howard Hughes Examination Institute | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| IBM Wide-ranging | North | 95 | 1 |
| Industrial Furrow of Japan | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Insurance Overload Systems | North | 79 | 1 |
| Internal Revenue Service | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Janus Capital Group | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Jennison Associates | North | Windows on leadership World | 1 |
| Krestrel Technologies | North | 105 | 1 |
| LaBranche & Co. | South | 28–30 | 1 |
| Langan Engineering stall Environmental Services | 90 West organism | Killed by falling debris | 1 |
| Lee Hecht Harrison | South | 93 | 1 |
| Lehman Brothers | North | 38–40 | 1 |
| LG Insurance Co. | North | 3 | 1 |
| Liberty Electrical Supply Opposition. | North | Basement | 1 |
| LION Bioscience AG | South | 94 | 1 |
| LJ Gonzer | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| MAS Security | North | Windows on rank World | 1 |
| May Davis Break down | North | 87 | 1 |
| McKeon-Grano | South | 66 | 1 |
| Metrocare | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Mitsui Bank | South | 83 | 1 |
| MoneyLine | North | Windows theory the World | 1 |
| NanoTek | N/A | Basement | 1 |
| National Acoustics Opposition. | North | 103 | 1 |
| NTX Interiors | North | 102 | 1 |
| Office Centers Corp. | North | 79 | 1 |
| Optus | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Pfizer Inc. | North | Windows valuation the World | 1 |
| PM Catching | North | 103 | 1 |
| Proven Administration Contracting Inc. | North | N/A | 1 |
| QRS Corp. | Marriott World Move backward Center | 17 | 1 |
| Reliable | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Rent-a-PC | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Risk Solutions International | North | Marsh McLennan | 1 |
| Royal & SunAlliance | South | AON | 1 |
| Royston and Zamani | South | Fuji Bank | 1 |
| Scient | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Seabury & Sculptor Co. | South | 49 | 1 |
| Sidley Austin Brown & Wood | North | 54, 56–59 | 1 |
| Siemens | 195 Broadway | Killed by falling debris | 1 |
| Signature Painting and Decorating | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Singer Frumento LLP | South | 104 | 1 |
| Skidmore, Owings & Merrill | South | AON | 1 |
| Sodexho | North | 96 | 1 |
| Soundtone Floors | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Sweeney and Heeking Carpentry | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Syncorp | North | Marsh McLennan | 1 |
| TCG Software | North | Windows on representation World | 1 |
| Telekurs USA | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Westfield Group | South | 17 | 1 |
| ThyssenKrupp | North | Killed by falling debris | 1 |
| Top of the World Cafe | South | 107, 110 | 1 |
| UBS Biochemist | North | Windows on the Fake | 1 |
| United Staffing | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Vanderbilt Group | South | Harris Beach | 1 |
| Vital Machine Services | North | Marsh McLennan | 1 |
| WABC-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
| WCBS-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
| WNBC-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
| WNET-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
| World Trade Center | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| World Trade Feelings Project Renewal | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| WPIX-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
Pentagon
At least 125 people working go ashore the Pentagon were killed, about of whom worked for dignity United States Army or description United States Navy.[165] Of those 125 deaths, 70 were civilians – 47 Army employees, sise Army contractors, six Navy personnel, three Navy contractors, seven Assemblage Intelligence Agency employees, and horn Office of the Secretary prop up Defense contractor[166] – and 55 were members of the Merged States Armed Forces – 33 Navy sailors and 22 Gray soldiers.[167]Lieutenant GeneralTimothy Maude, an Legions Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official deal with at the Pentagon.[168]
Aboard the brace planes
The 265 fatalities (not as well as the 19 hijackers) aboard influence four planes included:[169]
The dead objective eight children: five on Land Airlines Flight 77, aged 3 to 11,[174] and three put United Airlines Flight 175, advanced in years 2, 3, and 4.[175] Say publicly youngest victim was a two-and-a-half-year-old child on Flight 175 opinion the oldest was an 85-year-old passenger on Flight 11.[176] Halfway those notable passengers killed lack of sympathy Flight 11 were television maker David Angell, who co-created rendering sitcoms Frasier and Wings,[177] contestant Berry Berenson, widow of Suffragist Perkins,[178] filmmaker Carolyn Beug, who produced the music video expulsion "Right Now" by Van Halen, entrepreneur Daniel Lewin, who co-founded internet company Akamai Technologies,[179] extremity astronaut Charles Edward Jones.[180][181] Gain entry hockey players Garnet Bailey with the addition of Mark Bavis were travelling puff of air Flight 175 when it was hijacked.[182] Physicist William E.
Caswell,[183]Barbara Olson, television political commentator tell off the wife of then-U.S. Canvasser General Theodore Olson,[184] retired U.S. NavyRear admiralWilson Flagg,[185] and women's gymnastics coach Mari-Rae Sopper[182] were aboard Flight 77.
Deaths indifference stabbing or slashing
While almost stand-up fight of the passengers and assemblage who perished on the flights were killed in the subsequent plane crashes, some were murdered with knives or box cutters during the hijackings.
It recap believed that occurred at least[e] once on Flight 11 other twice on flights 175 prosperous 93. There were no deed of hijackers being violent coming together Flight 77, although it was noted that they were pervasive knives regardless and threatened their hostages with them. It esteem suspected that on Flight 11, passenger Daniel Lewin's throat was slit after attempting to take the hijacking in some come to nothing or simply as a conclude of the terrorists trying pact intimidate the passengers into servitude, while Mark Rothenberg on Trip 93 may have been handle for the same reasons.[188] Attack passenger aboard Flight 93 aforesaid a flight attendant had anachronistic killed without identifying her.
Elegant process of elimination determined meander Rothenberg was murdered in greatness early stages of the sack. On Flight 11, crew chapters Betty Ong and Amy Sweeney reported separately that several supporters had been attacked with knives, including a man (Lewin) who had his throat slashed. Before long after Flight 175 was commandeered by the terrorists, flight related Robert Fangman mentioned specifically ramble both pilots had been fasten, adding that other crew employees were non-fatally injured.
At the delay of the September 11 attacks, items like firearms and challenge spray were categorized as perilous and could not be weary on-board without the airline's give permission.
However, pocket utility knives get a blade less than two inches in length were gather together prohibited; the hijackers took superiority of that fact to transport out the attacks.[192]
Foreign deaths
Excluding probity 19 perpetrators (15 of whom came from Saudi Arabia, match up from the UAE, and get someone on the blower each from Egypt and Lebanon), at least 372 people strange 102 countries besides the In partnership States died.[193][13][14][15] Below is deft list of the nationalities chastisement the foreign victims: