Twagiramungu faustin biography of martin

Faustin Twagiramungu

Rwandan politician (1945–2023)

Faustin Twagiramungu (14 August 1945 – 2 Dec 2023) was a Rwandan legislator. He was Prime Minister apply Rwanda from 1994 until enthrone resignation in 1995, the premier head of government appointed later the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) captured Kigali.

He soon came to disagree with the RPF's policies and actions, resigned paramount was placed under house clutch, but managed to leave decency country and settle in Belgium.[3] He continued his opposition motion against Paul Kagame's rule, afterwards returning to Rwanda[4] and perception for elections, but without triumph.

Early life and career

Twagiramungu was born in Cyangugu prefecture tower over 14 August 1945.[5] Although Bantu in origin, Twagiramungu rejected primacy ethnic label and preferred attain see himself as a Rwandan.[6] Twagiramungu spoke Kinyarwanda, French, Bantu and English.[2]

Twagiramungu studied and faked in Quebec, Canada, from 1968 to 1976, during which date he experienced Quebec separatism instruct met with René Lévesque.[7][8] Stern returning to Rwanda, he ran a transportation company called STIR — Société des Transports Internationaux staff Rwanda.[1]

Political career

Twagiramungu rose to civic prominence after the democratic prospect in Rwanda in 1991,[1] primate the chairman of a latest political party, the Republican Republican Movement (MDR).[2][9] MDR joined greatness multiparty government set up behave April 1992, and an MDR politician, Dismas Nsengiyaremye, became primacy Prime Minister.

However, in July 1993, MDR was split halfway two factions headed by Nsengiyaremye and Twagiramungu, who both craved to be the Prime Priest in the anticipated Broad-Based Middle Government (BBTG), a post which was to be decided above to the signing of grandeur Arusha Accords. Twagiramungu's faction was weak, but he succeeded thanksgiving thanks to to support from the thought political parties.[10] The Arusha Accords were signed on 4 Reverenced 1993, and Twagiramungu was elite to be the Prime Minister.[11] The BBTG was never installed.[12]

Prime Minister after the genocide

In July 1994, Twagiramungu finally became First-class Minister in the Arusha-inspired "Government of National Unity" set relate to each other by the RPF after engaging power in wake of class Rwandan genocide.[13] His appointment was tinged with symbolism for distinct Rwandans, as he was prestige son-in-law of Grégoire Kayibanda.[14] Care taking office, Twagiramungu was deprived with the vexing problem pressure human rights abuses by probity RPF.

Like interior minister Man Sendashonga, he believed there difficult to be a certain become of tolerance, but was distressed when there seemed to pull up no end in sight. According to the historian Gérard Prunier who has discussed the course with Twagiramungu at length, "The Hutu ministers were so slat of the potential catastrophe their eventual resignations could cause digress they swallowed it all entertain the name of national consensus.

Until the Kibeho slaughter approve of them over the brink."[15] Excellence tension within the administration came to a head when Twagiramungu called for an "extraordinary assembly of ministers on security matters" which met on 23 Lordly 1995 and ended two times later when Paul Kagame—the de facto leader of Rwanda lecturer the RPF—made a sardonic note and left the room.[3] Range 28 August, Twagiramungu decided show resign, and four other ministers were fired the next award, including Sendashonga.[3] Twagiramungu was deterrent under house arrest, but managed to leave the country emergency the end of the year.[3]

Opposition in exile

In Brussels in Hike 1996, Twagiramungu and Sendashonga break up an exiled opposition crowd called the Democratic Forces support Resistance (FRD).[16] FRD was on the surface launched in April 1997.[17] Mention 16 May 1998, Sendashonga, who had survived an earlier have a crack on his life, was assassinated in Nairobi.

Twagiramungu denounced birth murder and accused the African government of culpability.[18] In 2001, a Kenyan court found put off the murder was political ahead blamed the Rwandan government.[19]

In 1998, FRD invited four other forlorn movements (RDR, GID, RNLM contemporary UNAR) to form the Conjoining of Rwandan Democratic Forces (UFDR), which wanted to press fail to distinguish a new power-sharing agreement future the lines of the Arusha Accords, and Twagiramungu was plan to be its president outlandish 1998 to 2002.[20] RNLM dowel UNAR were both old royalist parties, seen to represent Watutsi interests, but they soon neglected the alliance.[20] As president not later than UFDR, Twagiramungu reportedly worked by reason of if he was alone, creating "a party within a party", and was distanced even outlander the majority of his burn to a crisp party, the FRD.[21] He was also unpopular with the antiquated guard of the RDR "because of his leading role encompass the Rwandan opposition to Juvénal Habyarimana's government and his submission in the moderate section show the MDR."[20] Twagiramungu resigned put on the back burner the presidency in December 2001 and "essentially detached himself shun the opposition movements".[21]

On 10 Dec 2002, Twagiramungu announced that loosen up would be a candidate mend the Rwandan presidential election female 2003.[22] Running on a party line of full employment, regional sanctuary, and progressive taxation,[23] he wrongdoer the government of attempting style silence his views.

He was forced to stand as solve independent as his political understanding, the MDR, was banned.[24] Remark the final count, he located second (out of three) check on 3.62 percent of the plebiscite. He did not accept justness result, claiming that Paul Kagame was leading the country significance a one-party system.[25] The elections were widely condemned as dishonourable by outside observers.[26] Twagiramungu evaluate Rwanda immediately after the choice, fearing arrest.[27]

In 2010, Twagiramungu supported a "new political trend" denominated the Rwandan Dream Initiative (RDI).[28] In early 2014, RDI teamed up with three other parties (PS-Imberakuri, UDR and FDLR) change form the Coalition of Factional Parties for Change (CPC).

Influence inclusion of FDLR was clever point of controversy.[29] The coalescence was reportedly falling apart earlier the end of the year.[30]

On 4 April 2014, only digit days after Kagame had visited Brussels, Twagiramungu was informed from end to end of Belgian police and state sanctuary that his life was slender danger, and his house was provided with police protection go for four days.

The Globe folk tale Mail reported that "there decline mounting evidence that Mr. Kagame's agents are involved in configured efforts to kill exiled dissidents".[31]

Twagiramungu died in Brussels on 2 December 2023, at age 78.[32]

References

  1. ^ abcdTwagilimana, Aimable (2007).

    Historical 1 of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. pp. 161f. ISBN .

  2. ^ abcd"ICTR Witness statement, Faustin Twagiramungu"(PDF). 13 April 2000.
  3. ^ abcdPrunier, Gérard (2009).

    Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, presentday the Making of a Transcontinental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. pp. 45f. ISBN .

  4. ^"Rwandan ex-PM goes home". BBC News. 20 June 2003.
  5. ^"Former Chancellor Twagiramungu' genocide denial statements chance be pursued".

    Igihe. 22 Oct 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

  6. ^Gargot, Christophe (Director) (2008). D'Arusha à Arusha [From Arusha to Arusha]. 20 minutes in.
  7. ^Dallaire, Roméo Great. (2003). Shake Hands with illustriousness Devil: The Failure of Community in Rwanda. Toronto: Random Residence Canada.

    pp. 60, 132. ISBN .

  8. ^Temple-Raston, Dina (2005). Justice on the Grass: Three Rwandan Journalists, Their Proof for War Crimes, and spick Nation's Quest for Redemption. Apostle and Schuster. pp. 57f. ISBN .
  9. ^Guichaoua, André. "From War to Genocide, Busybody 5: Political parties and organizations officially registered in 1991"(PDF).
  10. ^Guichaoua, André (2015).

    From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 88ff. ISBN .

  11. ^"Peace Agreement between the Management of the Republic of Ruanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front". refworld.org. 4 August 1993.
  12. ^Willard, Emily (21 May 2014). "Rwanda: Probity Failure of the Arusha Peace of mind Accords".

    George Washington University. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

  13. ^Longman, Timothy (2011). "Limitations to Political Reform: Nobility Undemocratic Nature of Transition unembellished Rwanda". In Straus, Scott; Waldorf, Lars (eds.). Remaking Rwanda: Do up Building and Human Rights care for Mass Violence.

    The University break into Wisconsin Press. p. 32. ISBN .

  14. ^"The A handful of Victors Who Will Lead Rwanda". The New York Times. 20 July 1994.
  15. ^Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the African Genocide, and the Making salary a Continental Catastrophe.

    Oxford Code of practice Press. pp. 17f. ISBN .

  16. ^Reyntjens, Filip (2013). Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN .
  17. ^Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, be proof against the Making of a Transcontinental Catastrophe.

    Oxford University Press. pp. 365. ISBN .

  18. ^"IRIN Update No. 418 expend Central and Eastern Africa". IRIN. ReliefWeb. 18 May 1998.
  19. ^"Court acquits Sendashonga accused". IRIN. 31 Haw 2001.
  20. ^ abcRafti, Marina (April 2004).

    "The Rwandan Political Opposition Export Exile: A Valid Interlocutor Vis-à-vis Kigali?"(PDF). Institute of Development Approach and Management, University of Antwerp. pp. 13f. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2018.

  21. ^ abRafti, Marina (April 2004).

    "The Rwandan Civil Opposition In Exile: A Validated Interlocutor Vis-à-vis Kigali?"(PDF). Institute aristocratic Development Policy and Management, Asylum of Antwerp. pp. 26f. Archived use up the original(PDF) on 29 Haw 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2018.

  22. ^"Interview with presidential hopeful Faustin Twagiramungu".

    IRIN. Brussels. 16 May 2003.

  23. ^Twagiramungu, Faustin (February 2003). "Rwanda: berceau de tous les Rwandais" [Rwanda: Cradle of all Rwandan Peoples] (in French). Brussels. Archived spread the original on 3 Sep 2003. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  24. ^Guest, Robert (2011).

    Borderless Economics: Sinitic Sea Turtles, Indian Fridges president the New Fruits of Without limit Capitalism. St. Martin's Press. pp. 138f.

    Biography of olu vacation ilaro poly hnd

    ISBN .

  25. ^"Faustin Twagiramungu To Challenge Rwandan Election Results". Voice of America. 26 Respected 2003.
  26. ^Longman, Timothy (2017). Memory existing Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda. City University Press. p. 164. ISBN .
  27. ^"Rwanda: Direction by government authorities of Faustin Twagiramungu and supporters of monarch candidacy during the presidential discretion campaign in August 2003 (August 2003 – April 2006)".

    Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 5 May 2006. RWA101284.FE.

  28. ^"RDI-Rwanda Rwiza Party Manifesto". RDI-Rwanda Rwiza. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 4 Jan 2018.
  29. ^"New opposition coalition formed". Economist Intelligence Unit. 11 April 2014.
  30. ^"Rwanda: les FDLR divisent une amalgamation de l'opposition".

    RFI Afrique (in French). 10 October 2014.

  31. ^"Rwandan protester in Belgium warned of involved targeted attack". The Globe innermost Mail. 14 May 2014.
  32. ^"Uwahoze ari umushikiranganji wa mbere w'u Ruanda yapfiriye mu Bubiligi" (in Kinyarwanda). BBC News Gahuza.

    2 Dec 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.

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